Radiological Decontamination Query Tool - Search Results

Radiological Decontamination Query Tool

Radiological Decontamination Query Tool - Home

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The Radiological Decontamination Query Tool provides users with access to information contained in published technology evaluation reports. The information provided is the result of 50 studies on the removal of Cs-137 from anodized aluminum, asphalt, brick and mortar, ceramic tile and grout, mortar and grout, granite, granite and mortar, mortar, grout, limestone, marble, split-face granite, or unpainted concrete; eight studies on the removal of Am-243 from split-face granite or unpainted concrete; six studies on the removal of Co-60 from split-face granite or unpainted concrete; and six studies on the removal of Sr-85 from split-face granite or unpainted concrete.

Disclaimer: The information provided through this query represents information that is currently available in published U.S. EPA Technology Evaluation Reports. Links and citations are provided for the full content of each report, along with the corresponding query results. Mention of trade names, products, or services does not convey EPA approval, endorsement or recommendation.

Acronyms and Abbreviations | Definitions

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam) is an aqueous foam decontaminant.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete with Aged and Recent Cesium Contamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/001, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=514242
% Removal:	• 51% (2-week contaminated coupons) • 29% (1-year contaminated coupons)
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $8.25/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• foamer pressurized to 2,500 psi with compressed carbon dioxide • hand held sprayer • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Foam was collected in the vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming agent to reduce the volume of the collected foam; the defoaming agent was recirculated from the collection reservoir into the vacuum wand so the foam would not clog the vacuum hose. For each complete application (of both SDF and UDF) to the nine concrete coupons (0.2 m² total), approximately 5 L of foam and 3 L of rinse water were used resulting in a liquid waste generation of approximately 40 L/m².
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Combined reagents (two for SDF) in foamer and mixed with drill until dissolved (5 to 10 minutes); added surfactant just prior to foam application to coupons. Application: Sprayed on with foamer
Dwell / Dry Time:	30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	Vacuum (6.5 horsepower) mounted on top of a 65-gallon vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming reagent. Final step involved rinsing the surface with deionized (DI) water using a handheld sprayer followed by vacuuming.
Decontamination Rate:	Approximately one minute for foam application to the test stand (containing nine concrete coupons with a total surface area of 0.2 m²); 30 minute dwell time, vacuum removal (5 minutes for nine coupons), water rinse (3 minutes), vacuum removal of water (3 minutes), repeat once. Aside from the waiting time (which is independent of surface area), overall decontamination rate (for 0.2 m² of concrete) of 0.5 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	84 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 24 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application of the foam to more irregular surfaces than what was encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be a problem as the foam can reach most types of surfaces. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible surface damage
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most operators could perform both the application and removal procedures successfully.
Utilities Requirement:	Compressed carbon dioxide was required to operate the backpack foamer and a commercial/industrial vacuum cleaner was required to remove the foam and the water rinsates.
Portability:	Portability would seem to be limited by (1) access for vacuum removal and (2) extreme cold temperatures (since SDF is water-based); Limiting factors would include the ability to apply the technology at scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	Once mixed, the reagents should be used within 24 hours. The chemical components should not be used past the expiration date on their label.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard SDF (Surface Decontamination Foam)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
Description:	UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation) is a two-reagent system: Reagent A is in the foamer; Reagent B is applied to surfaces after foam removal, then rinsed off with deionized (DI) water.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Environment Canada's Universal Decontamination Formulation." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/048, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=514241
% Removal:	92%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $12.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• foamer pressurized to 2,500 psi with compressed carbon dioxide • hand held sprayer • drill mixer • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Foam was collected in the vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming agent to reduce the volume of the collected foam; the defoaming agent was recirculated from the collection reservoir into the vacuum wand so the foam would not clog the vacuum hose. For each complete application (of both SDF and UDF) to the nine concrete coupons (0.2 m² total), approximately 5 L of foam and 3 L of rinse water were used resulting in a liquid waste generation of approximately 40 L/m².
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Combined SDF components (GPA, GPB and GCE-2000) in foamer and mixed with drill until dissolved (5 to 10 minutes); added surfactant just before foam application to coupons. Reagent B is added at the end of the application procedure. Application: Information not included in technology evaluation report.
Dwell / Dry Time:	Reagent A: 30 minutes Reagent B: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Reagent A: Two Reagent B: One
Removal:	Vacuum (6.5 horsepower) mounted on top of a 65-gallon vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming reagent. Final step involved rinsing the surface with DI water using a handheld sprayer followed by vacuuming.
Decontamination Rate:	Approximately one minute for foam application to nine coupons (0.2 m² total) in the test stand; 30 minute wait, vacuum removal (5 minutes for nine coupons), water rinse (3 minutes), vacuum removal of water (3 minutes), repeat once. Apply reagent B for 2 minutes. Aside from the waiting time (which is independent of surface area), overall decontamination rate is 0.5 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	120 minutes/ 0.2 m² Total Includes the added steps required for Reagent B, and the 90-minute total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than the surfaces encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as the foam can reach most types of surfaces. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible surface damage
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, no special skills would be required to perform both the application and removal procedures successfully.
Utilities Requirement:	Compressed carbon dioxide was required to operate the foamer. A vacuum cleaner was used to remove the foam and water rinses, which required 120 volts alternating current (AC) power.
Portability:	Portability may be limited by the requirement for vacuum removal and by extreme cold temperatures because UDF is water-based. The foamer is designed for use with a backpack (not used during the evaluation). Fully charged, the backpack foamer would weigh approximately 24 kilograms. Compressed carbon dioxide would be required for recharging the foamer when it runs empty.
Shelf Life:	Once mixed, the reagents should be used within 24 hours. The chemical components should not be used past the expiration date on their label.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation) is a two-reagent system: Reagent A is in the foamer; Reagent B is applied to surfaces after foam removal, then rinsed off with deionized (DI) water.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete with Aged and Recent Cesium Contamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-13/001, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=514242
% Removal:	• 62% (2-week contaminated coupons) • 37% (1-year contaminated coupons)
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $12.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• foamer pressurized to 2,500 psi with compressed carbon dioxide • hand held sprayer • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Foam was collected in the vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming agent to reduce the volume of the collected foam; the defoaming agent was recirculated from the collection reservoir into the vacuum wand so the foam would not clog the vacuum hose. For each complete application (of both SDF and UDF) to the nine concrete coupons (0.2 m² total), approximately 5 L of foam and 3 L of rinse water were used resulting in a liquid waste generation of approximately 40 L/m².
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Combined reagents (three for UDF) in foamer and mixed with drill until dissolved (5 to 10 minutes); added surfactant just prior to foam application to coupons. Reagent B is added at the end of the application procedure. Application: Both reagents sprayed on with foamers
Dwell / Dry Time:	Reagent A: 30 minutes Reagent B: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Reagent A: Two Reagent B: One
Removal:	Vacuum (6.5 horsepower) mounted on top of a 65-gallon vacuum collection reservoir containing a defoaming reagent. Final step involved rinsing the surface with DI water using a handheld sprayer followed by vacuuming.
Decontamination Rate:	Foam application of both Reagent A and Reagent B (2 minutes); 30-minute wait, water rinse (3 minutes), vacuum removal (3 minutes). Aside from the wait time, overall decontamination rate (for 0.2 m² of concrete) of 0.4 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	122 minutes/ 0.2 m² Total Includes the added steps required for Reagent B, and the 90-minute total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application of the foam to more irregular surfaces than what was encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be a problem as the foam can reach most types of surfaces. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible surface damage
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most operators could perform both the application and removal procedures successfully.
Utilities Requirement:	Compressed carbon dioxide was required to operate the backpack foamer and a commercial/industrial vacuum cleaner was required to remove the foam and the water rinsates.
Portability:	Portability would seem to be limited by (1) access for vacuum removal and (2) extreme cold temperatures (since UDF is water-based); Limiting factors would include the ability to apply the technology at scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	Once mixed, the reagents should be used within 24 hours. The chemical components should not be used past the expiration date on their label.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Allen-Vanguard UDF (Universal Decontamination Formulation)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Americium-243." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/204, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=515894
% Removal:	34%
Cost:	The material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, there are no special precautions required for ASG disposal until it is used to decontaminate surfaces contaminated with radionuclides (contaminated ASG may need to be disposed of as low-level radioactive waste). Approximately 4 L of ASG was applied per ten coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 9 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum and the content of the vacuum canister was solidified in super-absorbing polymer for ease of disposal as a dry granular mixture. The final volume of waste was approximately 4 L.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paintbrush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per ten coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 9 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application on each coupon in approximately 30 seconds (3 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 50 seconds per coupon (2 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	103 minutes/10 coupons Application and removal: 1 minute per coupon to apply the gel; 20 seconds per coupon removal with a wet vacuum Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, small amounts of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Americium-243." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/204, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=515894
% Removal:	67%
Cost:	The material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, there are no special precautions required for ASG disposal until it is used to decontaminate surfaces contaminated with radionuclides (contaminated ASG may need to be disposed of as low-level radioactive waste). Approximately 4 L of ASG was applied per ten coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 9 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum and the content of the vacuum canister was solidified in super-absorbing polymer for ease of disposal as a dry granular mixture. The final volume of waste was approximately 4 L.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paintbrush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per ten coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 9 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application on each coupon in approximately 30 seconds (3 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 50 seconds per coupon (2 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	103 minutes/10 coupons Application and removal: 1 minute per coupon to apply the gel; 20 seconds per coupon removal with a wet vacuum Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, small amounts of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	48%
Cost:	Cost of materials (labor not included) is approximately $0.30/L for ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied using a four-inch paint brush and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 0.5 to 1 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 2.5 to 5 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	15 minutes to measure and mix powder with water, followed by application with a paint brush to each coupon in approximately 20 seconds (4 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 20 seconds per coupon (4 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 2 m²/hour for application and corresponding removal.
Decontamination Time:	96 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 6 minutes Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, small amount of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Granite surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity is required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	62%
Cost:	Cost of materials (labor not included) is approximately $0.30/L for ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied using a four-inch paint brush and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 0.5 to 1 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 2.5 to 5 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	15 minutes to measure and mix powder with water, followed by application with a paint brush to each coupon in approximately 20 seconds (4 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 20 seconds per coupon (4 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 2 m²/hour for application and corresponding removal.
Decontamination Time:	96 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 6 minutes Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity is required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	48%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	2 L of ASG was applied for 22 coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per 22 coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 4 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; SuperGel was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum, which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	All surfaces appeared undamaged, but some residual SuperGel particles were observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	82%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	2 L of ASG was applied for 22 coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per 22 coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 4 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; SuperGel was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum, which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations. SuperGel tended to slide off the tile surface unless the application layer was kept very thin (less than 4 mm).
Surface Damage:	All surfaces appeared undamaged, but some residual SuperGel particles were observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	40%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	2 L of ASG was applied for 22 coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per 22 coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 4 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; SuperGel was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum, which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, a small amount of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	All surfaces appeared undamaged, but some residual SuperGel particles were observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	36%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	2 L of ASG was applied for 22 coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per 22 coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 4 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; SuperGel was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum, which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	All surfaces appeared undamaged, but some residual SuperGel particles were observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	15%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• paint brush • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum. Any waste (e.g., from removal of the decontamination technology foams and reagents) was considered at a minimum as low level radioactive waste (and needed to be disposed of accordingly). After removing the radionuclide-laden hydrogel by conventional wet vacuum, the contaminated hydrogel can be dehydrated or incinerated to minimize waste volume without loss of volatilized contaminants. Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, no special precautions are required to deal with hazardous materials.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 10 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; ASG was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum (12 gallon, 4.5 horsepower), which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	ASG caused no visible damage to the surface of the coupons.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	71%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• paint brush • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum. Any waste (e.g., from removal of the decontamination technology foams and reagents) was considered at a minimum as low level radioactive waste (and needed to be disposed of accordingly). After removing the radionuclide-laden hydrogel by conventional wet vacuum, the contaminated hydrogel can be dehydrated or incinerated to minimize waste volume without loss of volatilized contaminants. Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, no special precautions are required to deal with hazardous materials.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 10 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; ASG was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum (12 gallon, 4.5 horsepower), which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	ASG caused no visible damage to the surface of the coupons.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	39%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	2 L of ASG was applied for 22 coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per 22 coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 4 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; ASG was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum (12 gallon, 4.5 horsepower), which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	All surfaces appeared undamaged, but some residual SuperGel particles were observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	50%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L. This cost corresponds to $1.50 to $3.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• paint brush • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum. Any waste (e.g., from removal of the decontamination technology foams and reagents) was considered at a minimum as low level radioactive waste (and needed to be disposed of accordingly). After removing the radionuclide-laden hydrogel by conventional wet vacuum, the contaminated hydrogel can be dehydrated or incinerated to minimize waste volume without loss of volatilized contaminants. Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, no special precautions are required to deal with hazardous materials.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with a paint brush to each coupon. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of approximately 10 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	Application required approximately 20 seconds per coupon; ASG was allowed to stay on the surface for 90 minutes, and then was removed with a wet vacuum (12 gallon, 4.5 horsepower), which required approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 1 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds (3 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 30 seconds per coupon (3 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	• Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. • The mixture was very slippery and tended to slide off plastic tools. • Cross contamination was very minimal during application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be difficult to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, a small amount of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	ASG caused no visible damage to the surface of the coupons.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity was required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. For larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Argonne National Laboratory Argonne SuperGel for Radiological Decontamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA 600/R-11/081, 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=NHSRC&dirEntryId=236310
% Removal:	71%
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L for the ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	1 to 2 L of ASG was applied to the concrete coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10L/m². The ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (in vacuum and paper towels) was disposed of as low-level radioactive waste. After removing the radionuclide-loaded hydrogel by conventional wet-vacuum, the hydrogel can be dehydrated or incinerated to minimize waste volume without loss of volatilized contaminants. Because no component of the hydrogel is hazardous, there are no special precautions required to deal with hazardous materials. The hydrogel is also compliant with disposal as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied with paint brush to transport and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used across all the concrete coupons included 1 to 2 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 5 to 10 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	ASG was applied with a paint brush to each concrete coupon in approximately 45 seconds. After a 90-minute dwell time, the ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 1.25 minutes per coupon. Application and removal rate: Approximately 0.7 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Application: 45 seconds (1.9 m²/hour) Dwell time: 90 minutes Removal: 1.25 minutes per coupon (1.1 m²/hour)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour. ASG was very slippery and tended to slide off any plastic tools. Cross-contamination blank value was three times greater than the minimum detectable level, but more than 100 times less than the post-decontamination activities of the contaminated coupons suggesting that cross contamination resulting from the application/removal of the ASG is possible, but that the extent observed was minimal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician Is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete with Aged and Recent Cesium Contamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/001, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=514242
% Removal:	• 75% (2-week contaminated coupon) • 46% (1-year contaminated coupons)
Cost:	Material cost is approximately $0.30/L for the ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1.0 L of ASG was applied to the concrete coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2.5 to 5 L/m². The ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (in vacuum and paper towels) was disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied using a four-inch paint brush and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used across all the 0.2 m² (total area) of concrete coupons included 0.5 to 1.0 L of ASG. Overall volume corresponds to a loading of 2.5 to 5 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Wet vacuum
Decontamination Rate:	ASG was applied with a paint brush to each concrete coupon in approximately 30 seconds (2.4 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, the ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 25 seconds per coupon (3.2 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 1.5 m²/hour for hand application and corresponding removal.
Decontamination Time:	99 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 9 minutes Dwell time: 90 minutes
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	32%
Cost:	Cost of materials (labor not included) is approximately $0.30/L for ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied using a four-inch paint brush and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 0.5 to 1 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 2.5 to 5 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	15 minutes to measure and mix powder with water, followed by application with a paint brush to each coupon in approximately 20 seconds (4 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 20 seconds per coupon (4 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 2 m²/hour for application and corresponding removal.
Decontamination Time:	96 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 6 minutes Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations. During use on the rough split face granite, small amount of ASG could be seen remaining in the crevices after vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Granite surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity is required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG)
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne SuperGel (ASG) is a hydrogel system containing super absorbing polymers containing solid sequestering agents dissolved in a nonhazardous ionic wash solution.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	40%
Cost:	Cost of materials (labor not included) is approximately $0.30/L for ASG (depending on source material costs). This cost corresponds to approximately $2.00/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	• drill with a mixing bit • paint brush • spackling knife • wet vacuum
Secondary Waste:	0.5 to 1 L of ASG was applied per nine coupons during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 5 to 10 L/m². ASG was collected entirely by the wet vacuum.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: 15 minutes was required to measure and mix powder with water. Application: ASG was applied using a four-inch paint brush and a spackling knife to smooth the ASG across the surface. Estimated volumes used per nine coupons included 0.5 to 1 L of ASG, corresponding to a loading of 2.5 to 5 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	90 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Conventional wet-vacuum technology was sufficient to remove the hydrogel from the contaminated surface. For small-scale applications, the head of a standard wet vacuum is adequate. For larger scale applications, a squeegee attachment is recommended.
Decontamination Rate:	ASG was applied to each coupon in approximately 20 seconds (4 m²/hour). After a 90-minute dwell time, ASG was removed with a wet vacuum and the surface was wiped with a paper towel at a rate of approximately 20 seconds per coupon (4 m²/hour). Aside from the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), the application and removal rate was approximately 2 m²/hour for application and corresponding removal.
Decontamination Time:	96 minutes/0.2 m² Total Application and removal: 6 minutes Dwell time: 90 minutes Technology preparation: 15 minutes (not included in decontamination time above)
Surface Deployment:	Designed to adhere to vertical surfaces without slipping and maintain hydration in direct sunlight for more than an hour.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces may be problematic as ASG could slide off jagged edges and be hard to apply to hard-to-reach locations.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as sprayer application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity is required to operate the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, the only limitation on portability would be the ability to provide vacuum removal in remote locations. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply ASG at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles).
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
Description:	Argonne Wash Aid is a two-component system. The first "wash" component is a brine solution that removes Cs from the surfaces of urban materials; the second "removal" component is vermiculite (or other specialty) clay that binds to the Cs, allowing the Cs to be removed from the wash water. Wash Aid is designed to be applied as a flowing rinse decontamination agent.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	36%
Cost:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Equipment Needs:	Mixer for the clay and wash water
Secondary Waste:	Based on a total of four concrete and six asphalt coupons that were decontaminated, the resulting composite concrete Wash Aid effluent totaled 12 L and the asphalt Wash Aid effluent totaled 18 L. For each of the Wash Aid effluents, a 3-L aliquot was treated through three successive additions of approximately 300 grams of vermiculite clay (for a total of 900 grams used for each Wash Aid effluent sample). The clay was added and mixed with the Wash Aid effluent for 15 minutes. The clay was allowed to settle for 5 minutes and then the supernatant Wash Aid effluent was poured off the clay that had settled to the bottom of the container. The clay treatment process was repeated two additional times. The Wash Aid effluent was solidified in super absorbing polymer and disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Information not provided in technology evaluation report. Application: Wash Aid was flowed over the surface of concrete coupons at a flow rate of 600 mL/minute for 5 minutes. The Wash Aid effluent was collected and vermiculite clay was added in three clay-mixing cycles to test the removal efficacy of the clay when exposed to an aqueous solution of Wash Aid contaminated with Cs-137. The efficacy of the clay for removal of Cs-137 from this washwater was determined to be 92%.
Dwell / Dry Time:	Not applicable
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Not applicable
Removal:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Decontamination Rate:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Decontamination Time:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Surface Damage:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Utilities Requirement:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Portability:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Argonne Wash Aid is a two-component system. The first "wash" component is a brine solution that removes Cs from the surfaces of urban materials; the second "removal" component is vermiculite (or other specialty) clay that binds to the Cs, allowing the Cs to be removed from the wash water. Wash Aid is designed to be applied as a flowing rinse decontamination agent.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	24%
Cost:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Equipment Needs:	Mixer for the clay and wash water
Secondary Waste:	Based on a total of four concrete and six asphalt coupons that were decontaminated, the resulting composite concrete Wash Aid effluent totaled 12 L and the asphalt Wash Aid effluent totaled 18 L. For each of the Wash Aid effluents, a 3-L aliquot was treated through three successive additions of approximately 300 grams of vermiculite clay (for a total of 900 grams used for each Wash Aid effluent sample). The clay was added and mixed with the Wash Aid effluent for 15 minutes. The clay was allowed to settle for 5 minutes and then the supernatant Wash Aid effluent was poured off the clay that had settled to the bottom of the container. The clay treatment process was repeated two additional times. The Wash Aid effluent was solidified in super absorbing polymer and disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Information not provided in technology evaluation report. Application: Wash Aid was flowed over the surface of concrete coupons at a flow rate of 600 mL/minute for 5 minutes. The Wash Aid effluent was collected and vermiculite clay was added in three clay-mixing cycles to test the removal efficacy of the clay when exposed to an aqueous solution of Wash Aid contaminated with Cs-137. The efficacy of the clay for removal of Cs-137 from this washwater was determined to be 83%.
Dwell / Dry Time:	Not applicable
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Not applicable
Removal:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Decontamination Rate:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Decontamination Time:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Surface Damage:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Utilities Requirement:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Portability:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Argonne Wash Aid
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Stripcoat is a non-hazardous, non-toxic strippable coating designed for safely removing radioactive contamination, as a covering to contain contamination, and/or as a barrier to prevent contamination. Stripcoat is sold as a paint-like formulation.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Bartlett Services, Inc. Stripcoat TLC Free™ Radiological Decontamination of Americium." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/005, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513167
% Removal:	46%
Cost:	The material cost is approximately $23.50/L corresponding to $16.66/m² per application; Bartlett Services, Inc. suggests two applications, which would correspond to approximately $33.00/m². Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	airless paint sprayer (max 3,300 psi), paint brush, paint roller
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 396 grams/m² of solid waste production for two applications of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Provided ready for use. Application: Applied coating followed by two-hour drying time before applying a second coat. The target thickness during application is 1 mm. Stripcoat volumetric use rate was 625 mL/m² for each coat.
Dwell / Dry Time:	2 hours between applications. Overnight to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Three
Removal:	Peel off
Decontamination Rate:	Application: 3.2 m²/hour Removal: 1.9 m²/hour Larger scale application (e.g., by sprayer) would likely improve the application rate.
Decontamination Time:	Application by brush required approximately 3 minutes at 100 mL per coat onto 0.16 m². Removal was 5 minutes for all 7 coupons. Two application/removal cycles were used in the evaluation.
Surface Deployment:	In most cases, Stripcoat could be removed across the borders of coupons even when separated by several millimeters.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than that encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can coat most types of surfaces accessible to an operator. Stripcoat cures to a very elastic film that is conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete.
Surface Damage:	No visible surface damage; removed only loose particles that were consequently stuck to the removed coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, no special skills would be required to perform both the application and removal procedures successfully.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required the experiment because paint brush application was used. Stripcoat can be applied using a paint sprayer, which would require at minimum 120 volts alternating current (AC) power.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based Stripcoat, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	ASG is able to be used for several days after mixing as long as it is kept moist by covering; the mixture will dry out if left exposed to air for several days.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Stripcoat is a non-hazardous, non-toxic strippable coating designed for safely removing radioactive contamination, as a covering to contain contamination, and/or as a barrier to prevent contamination. Stripcoat is sold as a paint-like formulation.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Bartlett Services, Inc. Stripcoat TLC Free™ Radiological Decontamination Strippable Coating." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-08/099, 2008. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=498755
% Removal:	32% Overall average 7- and 30-day tests: 33% (7-day) 33.8 ± 17% (30-day)
Cost:	$23.50/L corresponding to $16.66/m² for one application. Bartlett Services, Inc. suggests three applications, which would correspond to $50.00/m²; that does not include the cost of a paint sprayer.
Equipment Needs:	airless paint sprayer (max 3,300 psi), paint brush, paint roller
Secondary Waste:	Solid waste production: ~0.26 kilogram/m² Solid waste density: ~0.145 gram/cm³ Cured Stripcoat is extremely elastic. Each coating removal resulted in approximately 2 L of waste material. Thorough mineral spirit cleaning of paint sprayer is required between uses or the sprayer will likely clog.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: The yellow Stripcoat had a paint-like consistency and was provided in a five-gallon bucket ready to apply without preparation. Application: Applied using a sprayer. The target thickness during application is 40 mm. An average of 0.9 L of wet Stripcoat was applied with each application to coupon surfaces, which had a total area of 1.1 m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	4 to 10 hours to cure
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Three Most of the decontamination occurs with the first application and removal cycle.
Removal:	After scoring the Stripcoat at the edge of a coupon, the coating could, for the most part, be pulled in large pieces off the surface across the border of coupon. Dried Stripcoat has an elastic texture.
Decontamination Rate:	Coating preparation: 20 minutes to prime pump (not applicable to paint brush or roller application) Application: Approximately 5 minutes and average of 0.78 L for 1.1 m² Removal time: 4.9 m²/hour Drying time: Overnight (4 to 10 hours)
Decontamination Time:	The time to remove Stripcoat from the two surfaces totaling 1.1 m² ranged from 10 to 24 minutes for an average rate of removal rate of 4.9 m²/hour.
Surface Deployment:	Stripcoat could be removed across the borders of coupons even when separated by several millimeters horizontally or vertically.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than those encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem because a sprayer is able to reach most types of surfaces. Stripcoat cures into an elastic coating.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; some loose particles could be seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session and time to acclimate to using a paint sprayer, most able-bodied people could successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	A paint sprayer generally requires 110 volts power. However, Stripcoat can also be applied with a roller or brush, eliminating the need for a separate power source.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based Stripcoat, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year, but a five-gallon bucket of Stripcoat solidified between the 7-day and 30-day tests. The paint apparently solidified because the bucket had not been properly sealed when the lid was placed back on for storage.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Bartlett Services Inc., Stripcoat TLC Free™
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 (DG 1101) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1101 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 and 1108 for Radiological Decontamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/084, 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=503590
% Removal:	45%
Cost:	The material cost is $40/L for DG 1101, which corresponds to approximately $40/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush Larger surfaces would require larger roller brushes or paint sprayer application.
Secondary Waste:	Amount of secondary waste generated was based on the dried coating from coating applied to an uncontaminated coupon. The coating from one coupon weighed 3.6 grams. Therefore, the dried coatings from all nine coupons for two application and removal cycles would correspond to 65 grams of waste with a volume of approximately 51 cm³. Assuming two applications of two coats and two corresponding removals, this procedure corresponds to a waste generation of 319 grams/m² and a volumetric waste generation of 252 cm³/m² of surface. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (liquid and solid gel) was disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: No preparation was required as wet DG 1101 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied as paint-like coatings and then cured in order to bind the Cs-137 so the cured coating containing CS-137 could be removed from the surface causing little or no surface damage. Approximately 125 mL total of each wet coating was used for each application to the concrete coupons. That volume corresponds to approximately 25 to 30 mL per coupon for a loading of 1.2 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the surface of the coupons into four sections with a utility knife and using the tip of the knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Average of 30 seconds to apply each coat to each coupon. Two hours were allowed to elapse between coatings. Then an overnight drying time was required before removal of the dry coating. The limiting factor of decontamination rate is the surface area covered before drying.
Decontamination Time:	14.2 hours/0.1 m² Total for 1 cycle Application and removal: 10 minutes Dwell time: 14 hours (2 hours between application coats; 12-hour dry time)
Surface Deployment:	Can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Also can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as the wet coatings can be painted or sprayed into hard to reach locations. Removal of the dry coating may take longer if the dry coating fractures on jagged edges or gaps in surfaces.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique and the required drying time.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required to complete the experimental plan described in this report. If sprayer is used to apply DG 1101, applicable power would be required.
Portability:	The limiting factors of portability for DG 1101 would include the ability to transport adequate wet coating and application tools to the job location.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 for Radiological Decontamination of Americium." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-12/067, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=509029
% Removal:	84%
Cost:	The material cost is approximately $40/L, which corresponds to approximately $240/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 464 grams/m² of solid waste production for two applications of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied as a paint-like coating. Wet DG 1108 was worked into coupon surfaces by brushing in a circular motion across the coupons. The brush was then used to smooth the applied DG 1108 on each concrete coupon. If there were areas that were not covered completely, additional wet DG 1108 was added. The first coat of DG 1108 was allowed to dry for 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The DG 1108 was cured in order to bind the Am-243 so the cured coating could be removed from the surface causing little or no surface damage.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	Removal of the dried DG 1108 was begun by pulling on the coating near the bottom of the coupons where the gel thickness was greatest, then the broader surfaces could easily be started and removed by hand. In most cases during the evaluation, the dry coating could be removed as one large piece from each coupon, but the dry DG 1108 generally could not be removed across the gaps between coupons of 0.3 to 0.7 cm.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 3 minutes at 250 mL per coat onto 0.16 m² for an application rate of 3.2 m²/hour and a DG 1108 volumetric use rate of 1.56 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 17 minutes for all seven coupons for a rate of 0.56 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	14.3 hours/0.1 m² Total for 1 cycle Application and removal: 20 minutes Dwell time: 14 hours (2 hours between applications coats; 12 hour dry time)
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. For non-horizontal surfaces, the suggested number of coats is one or two for nonporous and semiporous materials, and up to four coats for porous surfaces such as concrete or wood, with about two hours drying time between coats to ensure a final coating thickness that is sufficient to allow the coating to be peeled.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what was encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can coat most types of surfaces accessible to an operator. DG 1108 cures to a relatively strong but flexible film that is conducive for use on the concrete surfaces used during the evaluation. In most cases, DG 1108 was removed coupon by coupon, but not across gaps between coupons.
Surface Damage:	No visible surface damage; removed only loose particles that were consequently stuck to the removed coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, no special skills would be required to successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because paint brush application was used. DG 1108 can be applied using a paint sprayer, which would require a minimum of 120 Vac power.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	85%
Cost:	Material cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coatings into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight. Estimated volume used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 375 mL DeconGel.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 5 minutes and 375 mL per coat onto 0.2 m², for an application rate of 2.4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.9 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 8 minutes for all nine coupons for a rate of 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	The overall decontamination included the application of wet coating followed by a 1.5- to 2-hour drying time and application of a second coat that was allowed to dry overnight (12 hours) before removal.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces and to most surfaces, including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination was not detectable for the coupons contaminated with Co-60.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete coupons used during the evaluation.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	None was required in this case because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based DeconGel, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life according to the manufacturer is five years.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	71%
Cost:	Cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coating into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Two coats were applied with a 2-hour period between each application. Each coat included approximately 0.75 L applied to 22 coupons (total of 0.5 m²) taking approximately 11 minutes. This corresponds to an overall application rate of 2 to 4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.5 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: (Brick): 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Approximately 13 hours
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, plastic sheeting, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application, possibly from dripping wet coating and use of the same tools for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from brick, tile, granite, mortar, and grout coupons used during the evaluation. DeconGel was most difficult to remove from the brick, second most difficult to remove from the granite, and easily removed from the tile.
Surface Damage:	DeconGel did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons. Removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	92%
Cost:	Cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coating into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Two coats were applied with a 2-hour period between each application. Each coat included approximately 0.75 L applied to 22 coupons (total of 0.5 m²) taking approximately 11 minutes This corresponds to an overall application rate of 2 to 4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.5 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: (Ceramic tile): 3 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Approximately 13 hours
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, plastic sheeting, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application, possibly from dripping wet coating and use of the same tools for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from brick, tile, granite, mortar, and grout coupons used during the evaluation. DeconGel was most difficult to remove from the brick, second most difficult to remove from the granite, and easily removed from the tile.
Surface Damage:	DeconGel did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons. Removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	73%
Cost:	Cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coating into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Two coats were applied with a 2-hour period between each application. Each coat included approximately 0.75 L applied to 22 coupons (total of 0.5 m²) taking approximately 11 minutes. This corresponds to an overall application rate of 2 to 4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.5 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: (Granite): 2 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	Approximately 13 hours
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, plastic sheeting, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application, possibly from dripping wet coating and use of the same tools for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from brick, tile, granite, mortar, and grout coupons used during the evaluation. DeconGel was most difficult to remove from the brick, second most difficult to remove from the granite, and easily removed from the tile.
Surface Damage:	DeconGel did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons. Removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	43%
Cost:	Cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coating into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Two coats were applied with a 2-hour period between each application. Each coat included approximately 0.75 L applied to 22 coupons (total of 0.5 m²) taking approximately 11 minutes. This corresponds to an overall application rate of 2 to 4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.5 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: No information provided
Decontamination Time:	Approximately 13 hours based on mixed media removal rate for tile and grout.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, plastic sheeting, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application, possibly from dripping wet coating and use of the same tools for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from brick, tile, granite, mortar, and grout coupons used during the evaluation. DeconGel was most difficult to remove from the brick, second most difficult to remove from the granite, and easily removed from the tile.
Surface Damage:	DeconGel did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons. Removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	35%
Cost:	Material cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coatings into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight. Estimated volume used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 375 mL DeconGel.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 5 minutes and 375 mL per coat onto 0.2 m² (total), for an application rate of 2.4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.9 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 8 minutes for all nine coupons, for a rate of 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	The overall decontamination included the application of wet coating followed by a 1.5 to 2 hour drying time and application of a second coat that was allowed to dry overnight (12 hours) before removal.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination blank, showed increased level of Cs-137 activity of less than 1%. The cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete coupons used during the evaluation.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	None was required in this case because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based DeconGel, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life according to the manufacturer is five years.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	93%
Cost:	Material cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coatings into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight. Estimated volume used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 375 mL DeconGel.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 5 minutes and 375 mL per coat onto 0.2 m² (total), for an application rate of 2.4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.9 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 8 minutes for all nine coupons for a rate of 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	The overall decontamination included the application of wet coating followed by a 1.5 to 2 hour drying time and application of a second coat that was allowed to dry overnight (12 hours) before removal.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination blank, showed increased level of Cs-137 activity of less than 1%. The cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete coupons used during the evaluation.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	None was required in this case because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based DeconGel, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life according to the manufacturer is five years.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	43%
Cost:	Cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coating into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for two hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Two coats were applied with a 2-hour period between each application. Each coat included approximately 0.75 L applied to 22 coupons (total of 0.5 m²) taking approximately 11 minutes. This corresponds to an overall application rate of 2 to 4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.5 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: Information not provided in the technology evaluation report.
Decontamination Time:	Approximately 13 hours based on mixed media removal rate for brick and mortar.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination blank, showed increased level of Cs-137 activity of less than 1%. The cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from brick, tile, granite, mortar, and grout coupons used during the evaluation. DeconGel was most difficult to remove from the brick, second most difficult to remove from the granite, and easily removed from the tile.
Surface Damage:	DeconGel did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons. Only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating. For the mortar surface, many particles were attached to dried coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required in the experiment because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold that would prevent the application of the water-based DG 1108, the technology is not limited due to portability.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life is advertised as one year.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	72%
Cost:	Material cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coatings into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight. Estimated volume used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 375 mL DeconGel.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 5 minutes and 375 mL per coat onto 0.2m², for an application rate of 2.4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.9 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 8 minutes for all nine coupons for a rate of 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	The overall decontamination included the application of wet coating followed by a 1.5 to 2 hour drying time and application of a second coat that was allowed to dry overnight (12 hours) before removal.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces. Can be applied to most surfaces including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination blank, showed increased level of Cs-137 activity of less than 1%. The cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using DeconGel in a wide area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete coupons used during the evaluation.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	None was required in this case because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based DeconGel, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life according to the manufacturer is five years.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1101 and 1108 for Radiological Decontamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/084, 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=503590
% Removal:	67%
Cost:	The material cost is $40/L for DG 1108, which corresponds to approximately $40/m² if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Amount of secondary waste generated was based on the dried coating from coating applied to an uncontaminated coupon. The coating from one coupon weighed 3.6 grams. Therefore, the dried coatings from all nine coupons for two application and removal cycles would correspond to 65 grams of waste with a volume of approximately 51 cm³. Assuming two applications of two coats and two corresponding removals, this procedure corresponds to a waste generation of 319 grams/m² and a volumetric waste generation of 252 cm³/m² of surface. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (liquid and solid gel) was disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied as a paint-like coatings, then cured in order to bind the Cs-137 so the cured coating containing CS-137 could be removed from the surface causing little or no surface damage. Approximately 125 mL total of each wet coating was used for each application to the concrete coupons. That volume corresponds to approximately 25 to 30 mL per coupon for a loading of 1.2 L/m².
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the surface of the coupons into four sections with a utility knife and using the tip of the knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Average of 30 seconds to apply each coat to each coupon. Two hours were allowed to elapse between applications, followed by overnight drying. The limiting factor of the decontamination rate is the surface area covered before overnight drying time. Larger surfaces would require larger roller brushes or paint sprayer application.
Decontamination Time:	Application: 30 seconds per coat Dwell time: 14 hours (2 hours between application coats; 12-hour dry time)
Surface Deployment:	Can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces and to most surfaces, including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as the wet coatings can be painted or sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Removal of the dry coating may take longer if the dry coating fractures on jagged edges or gaps in surfaces.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique and the required drying time.
Utilities Requirement:	No utilities were required to complete the experimental plan described in this report. If sprayer is used to apply DG 1108, applicable power would be required.
Portability:	The limiting factors of portability for DG 1108 would include the ability to transport adequate wet coating and application tools to the job location.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	CBI Polymers DeconGel® 1108 (DG 1108) is a strippable coating designed for removing radioactive contamination or as a covering to contain contamination. DG 1108 is sold as a paint-like formulation. Application options include use of a paint brush, roller or sprayer. The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) cures prior to removal. When dry, the product binds the contaminants into a polymer matrix. The dried coating containing the encapsulated contamination can then be peeled off the surface and disposed of.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	64%
Cost:	Material cost is $40/L for DeconGel, which corresponds to approximately $76/m² for each coat if used in a way similar to the process used during the evaluation. Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	paint brush
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 200 grams/m² of solid waste production for application of two coats.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: DG 1108 was poured out of a bottle ready to use. Application: Applied using a standard paint brush, which was loaded with the wet coatings. The coatings were then applied generously until the entire surface of each coupon was covered. The brush was then used to work the wet coatings into the surfaces, and to smooth the applied wet DeconGel on each coupon. If areas were not covered completely, additional wet DeconGel was added. The first coat of the DeconGel was allowed to set for 1.5 to 2 hours and a second coat was added on top of the initial coat following the same procedure. The coupons were allowed to dry overnight. Estimated volume used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 375 mL DeconGel.
Dwell / Dry Time:	12 hours to dry
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Two
Removal:	The dry coatings were removed by first scoring the bottom edge of the coupons with a plastic knife to free corners of the dried coating so they could be pulled off the surface by hand.
Decontamination Rate:	Application: Approximately 5 minutes and 375 mL per coat onto 0.2 m², for an application rate of 2.4 m²/hour and a DeconGel volumetric use rate of 1.9 L/m² for each coat. Drying time: Overnight Removal time: 8 minutes for all nine coupons for a rate of 1.5 m²/hour
Decontamination Time:	The overall decontamination included the application of wet coating followed by a 1.5- to 2-hour drying time and application of a second coat that was allowed to dry overnight (12 hours) before removal.
Surface Deployment:	The water-based wet coating (hydrogel) can be applied to horizontal, vertical or inverted surfaces and to most surfaces, including bare, coated and painted concrete; aluminum, steel, lead, rubber, Plexiglas®, Herculite®, wood, porcelain, and tile grout; and vinyl, ceramic and linoleum floor tiles. Cross-contamination was not detectable for the coupons contaminated with Sr-85.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to more irregular surfaces than what is encountered during the evaluation would not seem to be much of a problem as a paint brush can reach most types of surfaces as long as the operator can access the surfaces. DeconGel cures into a rather rigid coating that was conducive for use on the surfaces made from concrete coupons used during the evaluation.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage; removed only loose particles that were seen to be stuck to the coating.
Skill Labor Requirement:	After a brief training session to explain the procedures, most able-bodied people would successfully perform both the application and removal procedures.
Utilities Requirement:	None was required in this case because a paint brush application was used. According to the vendor, DeconGel can be applied using a paint sprayer.
Portability:	With the exception of extreme cold, which would prevent the application of the water-based DeconGel, its portability seems limitless.
Shelf Life:	Shelf life according to the manufacturer is five years.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release I is a chemical process that involves topical application of a single decontamination solution to treat various substrates bearing radiological contamination. Rad-Release I solution contains salts to promote ion exchange and surfactants to remove dirt, oil, grease and other surface interferences. Broad-target and target-specific chelants are blended into the solution to sequester and encapsulate contaminants, keeping them in suspension until they are removed by the subsequent rinse. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release I is effective for both loose surface and fixed subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release I can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I and II for Radiological Decontamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/083, 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=503588
% Removal:	71%
Cost:	Rad-Release solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product. Instead, EAI, Inc. offers decontamination services, which use the Rad-Release products, for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs have been approximately $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	1.5 L of liquid (total used for both RRI and RRII) was applied to the concrete coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 7 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (in vacuum) was solidified and disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: Rad-Release I is provided ready to use. The solution was transferred into a spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using a plastic spray bottle. The solution was then worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. Estimated volume used included 330 mL of Rad-Release I.
Dwell / Dry Time:	30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	One
Removal:	Concrete surface were thoroughly wetted with a deionized (DI) water/10% nitric acid rinse solution using spray bottle and then sprayed material was removed with a wet vacuum.
Decontamination Rate:	The limiting factor of the decontamination rate is the surface area covered before the 30-minute dwell times. Larger surfaces would likely utilize sprayer or foamer application. During this experimental design, the initial application to the concrete coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication during the dwell time. Rinsing and vacuuming took approximately one minute per coupon. In all, application and removal took seven minutes in addition to the 30-minute dwell time for Rad-Release I (for a total elapsed time of 37 minutes). Aside from the wait times, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	37 minutes/0.2 m² Application and removal: 7 minutes Dwell time: 30 minutes
Surface Deployment:	Rad Release I technology can be deployed on various geometries including walls, ceilings, equipment, structural beams, internal piping and highly irregular surfaces.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as Rad-Release I is sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Removal may be difficult if vacuuming jagged edges or gaps is required.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician requirement is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply the Rad-Release I at an adequate scale and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Americium-243." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/204, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=515894
% Removal:	51%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 600 mL of liquid was applied per 10 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m². This generation rate would likely vary for different surface materials depending on how much of the solutions absorbs into the surfaces. RRII was collected entirely by the wet vacuum and the content of the vacuum canister was solidified in superabsorbing polymer for ease of disposal as a dry granular mixture.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, which was worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, the surfaces were wetted with a 10% nitric acid-deionized (DI) water rinse solution, and then vacuumed. This procedures was repeated using RRII Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of ten coupons (0.2 m² total) included 210-mL RRII Formula 1, 210-mL RRII Formula 2, and 180 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam as would be used during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 19 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this process corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 0.7 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 minutes/10 coupons
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Surfaces appeared undamaged, however they appeared to have a thin layer of dried residual RRII Formula 2 remaining on the surface after the final rinse, vacuum removal, and overnight drying.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and the requirement to keep the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Americium-243." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/204, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=515894
% Removal:	88%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 600 mL of liquid was applied per 10 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m². This generation rate would likely vary for different surface materials depending on how much of the solutions absorbs into the surfaces. RRII was collected entirely by wet vacuum and the content of the vacuum canister was solidified in superabsorbing polymer for ease of disposal as a dry granular mixture.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, which was worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, the surfaces were wetted with a 10% nitric acid-deionized (DI) water rinse solution, and then vacuumed. This procedures was repeated using RRII Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of ten coupons (0.2 m² total) included 210-mL RRII Formula 1, 210-mL RRII Formula 2, and 180 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam as would be used during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 19 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this process corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 0.7 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 minutes/10 coupons
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Surfaces appeared undamaged, however they appeared to have a thin layer of dried residual RRII Formula 2 remaining on the surface after the final rinse, vacuum removal, and overnight drying.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and the requirement to keep the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	64%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 760 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface of the coupon by scrubbing the surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid solution, which was then removed by vacuum. This procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 280-mL RRII Formula 1, 280-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Several options are available to facilitate the removal step including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removing the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them. After the 30-minute dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using a spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. The procedure was repeated for RRII Formula 2.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, the application and removal steps took 8 to 13 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	68 minutes/0.2 m² total Application and removal: 8 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Granite surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	79%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 760 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface of the coupon by scrubbing the surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid solution, which was then removed by vacuum. This procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 280-mL RRII Formula 1, 280-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Several options are available to facilitate the removal step including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removing the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them. After the 30-minute dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using a spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. The procedure was repeated for RRII Formula 2.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 8 to 13 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	68 minutes/0.2 m² total Application and removal: 8 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	44%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 1 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application to 22 coupons (0.2 m² total) included 400-mL RRII Formula 1, 350-mL RRII Formula 2, and 300 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the 22 coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 25 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 1.2 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application, possibly due to the RRII formulas running down the wall and the use of the same equipment for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	RRII did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons, but a visible residue was left remaining after rinse and removal of the RRII. All surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	95%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 1 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application to 22 coupons (0.2 m² total) included 400-mL RRII Formula 1, 350-mL RRII Formula 2, and 300 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the 22 coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 25 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 1.2 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application, possibly due to the RRII formulas running down the wall and the use of the same equipment for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	RRII did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons, but a visible residue was left remaining after rinse and removal of the RRII. All surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	74%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 1 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application to 22 coupons (0.2 m² total) included 400-mL RRII Formula 1, 350-mL RRII Formula 2, and 300 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the 22 coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 25 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 1.2 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application, possibly due to the RRII formulas running down the wall and the use of the same equipment for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	RRII did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons, but a visible residue was left remaining after rinse and removal of the RRII. All surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	60%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 1 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application to 22 coupons (0.2 m² total) included 400-mL RRII Formula 1, 350-mL RRII Formula 2, and 300 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the 22 coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 25 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 1.2 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application, possibly due to the RRII formulas running down the wall and the use of the same equipment for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	RRII did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons, but a visible residue was left remaining after rinse and removal of the RRII. All surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	38%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 225-mL RRII Formula 1, 250-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 16 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 0.8 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete and granite surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	89%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 225-mL RRII Formula 1, 250-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 16 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 0.8 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete and granite surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	48%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 1 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation, which corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 2 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application to 22 coupons (0.2 m²) included 400-mL RRII Formula 1, 350-mL RRII Formula 2, and 300 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	Using this experimental setup, the initial application of RRII Formula 1 to the 22 coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, application and removal took 25 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 1.2 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application, possibly due to the RRII formulas running down the wall and the use of the same equipment for application and removal.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	RRII did not cause any visible damage to the surface of the coupons, but a visible residue was left remaining after rinse and removal of the RRII. All surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	72%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum If RRII is applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers would likely be used, which would impact the application rate. In addition, larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Waste solution had to be neutralized from acidic pH before disposal.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. The procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 225-mL RRII Formula 1, 250-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in deionized [DI] water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated. Several options are available to facilitate removal including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removal of the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30 minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, the application and removal steps took 16 minutes in addition to the two 30 minutes dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a rate of approximately 0.8 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	79 and 72 minutes to complete for the two sets of coupons, respectively.
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete and granite surfaces appeared to have a thin layer of residual RRII Formula 2 left after the final rinse and removal. Initially it appeared as if the coupon had not fully dried after rinse, but close inspection revealed the residual material.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release I and II for Radiological Decontamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-11/083, 2011. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=503588
% Removal:	85%
Cost:	Rad-Release solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product. Instead, EAI, Inc. offers decontamination services, which employ the Rad-Release products for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs have been approximately $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	1.5 L of liquid was applied to the concrete coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 7 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces. Because Cs-137 was used for the evaluation, all waste (in vacuum) was solidified and disposed of as low-level radioactive waste.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, the surface was treated with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid rinse solution, and the solution removed using a wet vacuum. Formula 2 was applied following the same procedure. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used included 330-mL of Rad-Release II Solution 1, 380-mL Rad-Release II Solution 2, and 440 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated.
Decontamination Rate:	The limiting factor of the decontamination rate is the surface area that can be covered before the 30-minute dwell time expires. Larger surfaces would likely utilize sprayer or foamer application. During this experiment, the initial application to the concrete coupons took only seconds, then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with intermittent reapplication during the dwell time. Rinsing and vacuuming took approximately one minute per coupon. In all, application and removal took five minutes, in addition to the 60-minute wait time for Rad-Release II. Aside from the wait time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	65 minutes/0.2 m² Application and removal: 5 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Foam deployment of the solution is most appropriate for large scale applications, while the spray application (as used during the evaluation) is well suited to smaller applications and applications where waste minimization is a critical factor. Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that the possibility exists that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using RRII in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician requirement is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply the Rad-Release II at an adequate scale and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete with Aged and Recent Cesium Contamination." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/001, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=514242
% Removal:	• 74% (2-week contaminated coupons) • 50% (1-year contaminated coupons)
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	750 mL of liquid was applied to the concrete coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3.8 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet concrete with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface by scrubbing the entire surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, coupon surfaces were wetted with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid rinse solution, which was removed by vacuum. Formula 2 was then applied using the same procedure. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used for 0.2 m² of concrete surface included 180 mL RRII Formula 1, 240 mL RRII Formula 2, and 330 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Formula 1: After the dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using another spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. Formula 2: The above procedure was repeated.
Decontamination Rate:	The limiting factor of the decontamination rate is the surface area that can be covered before the 30-minute dwell time expires. Larger surfaces would likely utilize larger capacity sprayers or foamers. During this experiment, the initial application to the concrete coupons took only seconds and then the coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam as might be the case during a large-scale application) with intermittent reapplication during the dwell time. Rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. In all, application and removal took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute wait time. Not including the wait time (which is independent of the surface area), this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	73 minutes/0.2 m² total Application and removal: 13 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Rad Release II technology can be deployed on various geometries including walls, ceilings, equipment, structural beams, internal piping and highly irregular surfaces.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply the RRII at scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Formulas 1 and 2 are stable at room temperature for up to six months.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	44%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 760 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface of the coupon by scrubbing the surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid solution, which was then removed by vacuum. This procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 280-mL RRII Formula 1, 280-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Several options are available to facilitate the removal step including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removing the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them. After the 30-minute dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using a spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. The procedure was repeated for RRII Formula 2.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, the application and removal steps took 8 to 13 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	73 minutes/0.2 m² total Application and removal: 13 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Granite surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Environmental Alternatives, Inc. Rad-Release II
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	Rad-Release II is a chemical process involving the sequential topical application of two solutions. Formula 1 contains salts and chelating agents. Formula 2 is a caustic solution containing salts, ionic and nonionic surfactants, and sequestering agents. Rad-Release technologies extract radionuclides, including transuranics, from nearly all substrates. This process was developed to be used in sequence to synergistically remove contaminants via the migration pathways, pores and capillaries of the contaminated material. Rad-Release II is effective for both loose-surface and fixed-subsurface contamination and situations in which the contamination is a mixture of pure elements, oxides, and related compounds with varying solubility indices. Substrates for which Rad-Release II can be used include those that are both porous and seemingly nonporous.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Concrete and Granite Contaminated with Cobalt-60 and Strontium-85." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/002, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=513353
% Removal:	70%
Cost:	RRII solutions are not sold as a stand-alone product, and are only available as a decontamination service for which the cost varies greatly from project to project. Typical project costs are in the approximate range of $33 to $55/m².
Equipment Needs:	• spray bottle • scrub pad • nitric acid • vacuum
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 760 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: RRII is provided ready to use. The solutions (Formula 1 and Formula 2) were transferred into spray bottles for application. Application: Sprayed on with plastic spray bottles to thoroughly wet coupons with RRII Formula 1, and worked into the surface of the coupon by scrubbing the surface once with a scouring pad. After a 30-minute dwell time, coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a deionized (DI) water-10% nitric acid solution, which was then removed by vacuum. This procedure was repeated for application of Formula 2. The process may be repeated, as needed, until the desired contaminant removal levels are achieved. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 280-mL RRII Formula 1, 280-mL RRII Formula 2, and 200 mL of the rinse solution.
Dwell / Dry Time:	• Formula 1: 30 minutes (coupons must be kept wet using addition spray every 5 minutes) • Formula 2: 30 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Formula 1: One Formula 2: One
Removal:	Several options are available to facilitate the removal step including vacuuming, simple wiping with absorbent laboratory wipes or rags for small surfaces, use of a clay overlay technique to wick out RRII and contamination over time and then removing the clay at a later date, or use of an absorbent polymer that is sprayed over the chemically treated surface to leach or wick out the contaminant laden solutions and bind them. After the 30-minute dwell time, the coupon surfaces were thoroughly wetted with a 10% nitric acid rinse solution (in DI water) using a spray bottle. The surface was then vacuumed a final time. The procedure was repeated for RRII Formula 2.
Decontamination Rate:	For RRII Formula 1, following the 30-minute dwell time, rinsing and vacuuming took approximately 25 seconds per coupon. This process was repeated for RRII Formula 2. In all, the application and removal steps took 8 to 13 minutes in addition to the two 30-minute dwell times for RRII. Aside from the dwell times, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	73 minutes/0.2 m² total Application and removal: 13 minutes Dwell time: 60 minutes total dwell time
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as RRII is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	Concrete surfaces appeared undamaged.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply RRII at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Am-243 (surrogate for Am-241)
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	83%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21. This corresponds to approximately $4/m². Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Foaming the product via air ingestion at time of application can be a benefit, since the foam clings to surfaces and reduces evaporative losses. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 475 mL LH-21 and 200 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Initial application: 25 seconds per coupon Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: 45 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes in addition to the 60-minute dwell time.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Granite and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Limestone
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Marble
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Split-face Granite
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Co-60
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Brick and Mortar
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	40%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21, which corresponds to approximately $4/m².
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 2 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into a spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Estimated volumes used per application of 22 coupons (0.5 m² total) included 1.6-L LH-21 and 375 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionize (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Application: Initial application of LH-21 to the 22 coupons took 40 seconds. After dwell time reapplication took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: Rinsing and vacuuming, which took approximately 20 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute dwell time, for a total time of approximately 70 minutes.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application, possibly due to the solution running down the wall and the same equipment being used in both locations.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	87%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21, which corresponds to approximately $4/m².
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 2 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into a spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Estimated volumes used per application of 22 coupons (0.5 m² total) included 1.6-L LH-21 and 375 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Application: Initial application of LH-21 to the 22 coupons took 40 seconds. After dwell time reapplication took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: Rinsing and vacuuming, which took approximately 20 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute dwell time, for a total time of approximately 70 minutes.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application, possibly due to the solution running down the wall and the same equipment being used in both locations.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Granite and Mortar
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	51%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21, which corresponds to approximately $4/m².
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 2 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into a spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Estimated volumes used per application of 22 coupons (0.5 m² total) included 1.6-L LH-21 and 375 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Application: Initial application of LH-21 to the 22 coupons took 40 seconds. After dwell time reapplication took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: Rinsing and vacuuming, which took approximately 20 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute dwell time, for a total time of approximately 70 minutes.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application, possibly due to the solution running down the wall and the same equipment being used in both locations.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Grout
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	35%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21, which corresponds to approximately $4/m².
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 2 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into a spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Estimated volumes used per application of 22 coupons (0.5 m² total) included 1.6-L LH-21 and 375 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Application: Initial application of LH-21 to the 22 coupons took 40 seconds. After dwell time reapplication took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: Rinsing and vacuuming, which took approximately 20 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute dwell time, for a total time of approximately 70 minutes.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application, possibly due to the solution running down the wall and the same equipment being used in both locations.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Limestone
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	39%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21. This corresponds to approximately $4/m². Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Foaming the product via air ingestion at time of application can be a benefit, since the foam clings to surfaces and reduces evaporative losses. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 475 mL LH-21 and 200 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Initial application: 25 seconds per coupon Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: 45 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes, in addition to the 60-minute dwell time.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Marble
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	91%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21. This corresponds to approximately $4/m². Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Foaming the product via air ingestion at time of application can be a benefit, since the foam clings to surfaces and reduces evaporative losses. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 475 mL LH-21 and 200 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Initial application: 25 seconds per coupon Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: 45 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes in addition to the 60-minute dwell time.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Non-Destructive Decontamination Methodologies for Mixed Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-16/150, 2016. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=531660&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	26%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21, which corresponds to approximately $4/m².
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 2 L of liquid was applied per 22 coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 4 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Estimated volumes used per application of 22 coupons (0.5 m² total) included 1.6 L LH-21 and 375 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Application: Initial application of LH-21 to the 22 coupons took 40 seconds. After dwell time reapplication took approximately 20 seconds per coupon. Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: Rinsing and vacuuming, which took approximately 20 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes in addition to the 60-minute dwell time, for a total time of approximately 70 minutes.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application, possibly due to the solution running down the wall and the same equipment being used in both locations.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Mortar and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Split-face Granite
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	56%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21. This corresponds to approximately $4/m². Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Foaming the product via air ingestion at time of application can be a benefit, since the foam clings to surfaces and reduces evaporative losses. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 475 mL LH-21 and 200 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Initial application: 25 seconds per coupon Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: 45 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes in addition to the 60-minute dwell time.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Cs-137
Material:	Unpainted Concrete
Description:	LH-21 is a non-corrosive cleaning product developed to remove concrete from equipment. It effectively and rapidly removes concrete, without damaging painted surfaces, aluminum, steel, synthetic or composite materials. It also removes lime scale and other mineral deposits. LH-21 is used at a 1:1 dilution with water and can be applied via aerosol, a low-pressure foaming system, sprayer, or brush and bucket. Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
EPA Technology Evaluation Report:	U.S. EPA. Technology Evaluation Report. "Decontamination of Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium, and Americium from Porous Surfaces." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA/600/R-13/232, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=516522&Lab=NHSRC
% Removal:	45%
Cost:	Material cost is $1.50/L for the LH-21. This corresponds to approximately $4/m². Labor costs were not calculated. Waste management costs were not included as they would be highly dependent on the individual situation.
Equipment Needs:	• plastic spray bottle • wet vacuum If applied to larger surfaces, larger application tools such as larger sprayers or foamers and larger vacuum heads would be used for removal.
Secondary Waste:	Approximately 675 mL of liquid was applied per nine coupons used during the evaluation. That volume corresponds to a waste generation rate of approximately 3 L/m² depending on how much of the solutions absorbs to the surfaces.
Testing Condition and Application:	Preparation: LH-21 is diluted to a 1:1 ratio with water and transferred into spray bottle for application. Application: Applied using plastic spray bottles. The coupons were thoroughly wetted with LH-21 with three to four sprays, and the solution was then worked in by scrubbing the entire surface of each coupon once with a medium bristle brush. The coupons were kept damp (to simulate the ongoing presence of a foam during a large-scale application) with reapplication every 10 minutes during the dwell time. Following the 60-minute dwell time, the LH-21 was reapplied and scrubbed into the coupons before removal. Foaming the product via air ingestion at time of application can be a benefit, since the foam clings to surfaces and reduces evaporative losses. Estimated volumes used per application of nine coupons (0.2 m² total) included 475 mL LH-21 and 200 mL of rinse water.
Dwell / Dry Time:	60 minutes
Number of Decontamination Cycles:	Light to moderate deposits usually require one application. Heavy or aged deposits may require regular applications over a period of hours, days or weeks.
Removal:	The coupons were rinsed with deionized (DI) water, then vacuumed.
Decontamination Rate:	Technology preparation: 5 minutes Initial application: 25 seconds per coupon Dwell time: 60 minutes Removal: 45 seconds per coupon Aside from the dwell time, this corresponds to a decontamination rate of approximately 1 m²/hour.
Decontamination Time:	In all, the application and removal steps took 10 minutes in addition to the 60-minute dwell time.
Surface Deployment:	Experiment was conducted on a vertical wall of coupons. Cross contamination was minimal but still detectable, and enough to note that cross contamination to locations previously not contaminated is a possibility when using LH-21 in a wide-area application.
Applicability to Irregular Surfaces:	Application to irregular surfaces would not seem to be problematic as LH-21 is easily sprayed into hard-to-reach locations. Irregular surfaces may pose a problem for vacuum removal.
Surface Damage:	No visible damage to the surface was observed.
Skill Labor Requirement:	Adequate training would likely include a few minutes of orientation so the technician is familiar with the application technique including dwell times and requirement of keeping the surface wet. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application.
Utilities Requirement:	Electricity for the wet vacuum. Larger surfaces may require more complex equipment such as spray or foam application requiring additional utilities.
Portability:	At a scale similar to that used for the evaluation, vacuum removal would be the only portability factor. However, for larger scale applications, limiting factors would include the ability to apply LH-21 at a scale applicable to an urban contamination (area of city blocks or square miles) and then rinse and remove with a vacuum. Portable electrical generation or vacuum capability may be required.
Shelf Life:	Information not included in the technology evaluation report.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Anodized Aluminum
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Asphalt
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Brick and Mortar
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Ceramic Tile and Grout
No information is available for the selected technology/analyte/material combination at this time.

Decontamination Technology:	Intek Technology LH-21
Analyte:	Sr-85 (surrogate for Sr-90)
Material:	Granite Mortar and