This report has been prepared in response to section 112(f)(1) of the Clean Air Act and provides the Congress and the public with a description of the methods and general framework that EPA uses to assess the public health and environmental risk which may remain after implementation of air toxics emissions standards required under section 112(d) of the Clean Air Act. This remaining risk is referred to as “residual risk.” Air toxics, also known as hazardous air pollutants, are those pollutants known or suspected to cause cancer or other adverse health effects to humans or adverse environmental effects. This report also discusses specific issues relevant to the evaluation of residual risk and methods and costs of reducing such risk.

• Residual Risk Report to Congress, March 1999, EPA-453/R-99-001 (PDF)(225 pp, 2 MB)