Many industrial processes have the potential to produce hazardous waste. To help potential hazardous waste generators identify if they produce hazardous waste, EPA provides examples of hazardous wastes that are typically generated by specific industries and provide suggestions for how to recycle, treat or dispose of the wastes according to federal regulations. Only the federal hazardous waste codes are provided here. States might have different codes for some waste streams so generators should check with their state regulatory agencies to find those out.

Additionally, EPA provides suggestions for recycling wastes and implementing pollution prevention activities. Recycling and pollution prevention measures:

• Can significantly reduce regulatory burden.
• Have the potential to save businesses money.

• Construction, Demolition, and Renovation

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes
  Land-Clearing, Wrecking, and Demolition	Ignitable or toxic wreckage and debris, and lead pipe	D001 (ignitable wreckage and debris), D008 (lead pipe, toxic wreckage and lead-based paint debris), D009 (mercury-containing fluorescent lamps), D023-D026 (toxic wreckage and debris containing cresols)
  Heavy Construction	Asphalt wastes, petroleum distillates, and used oil. (Asphalt is widely recycled.)	D001 (asphalt wastes, petroleum distillates, used oil sent for disposal), D004 (arsenic), D006-D008 (used oil sent for disposal containing cadmium, chromium, or lead), D018 (asphalt wastes containing benzene)
  Carpentry and Floorwork	Acetone, adhesives, coatings, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIK), mineral spirits, solvents, toluene, treated wood, trichloroethylene, and xylene	D001 (acetone, adhesives, coatings, methylene chloride, MEK, MIK, mineral spirits, solvents, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene), D004 (treated wood), D023-D026, D037 (treated wood), D035 (MEK), D040 (trichloroethylene), F001 or F002 (trichloroethylene, methylene chloride), F003 (acetone, xylene, MIK), F005 (toluene, MEK), U002 (unused acetone), U159 (unused MEK), U161 (unused MIK), U239 (unused xylene), U220 (unused toluene), U080 (unused methylene chloride)
  Paint Preparation and Painting	Acetone, chlorobenzene, glazes, methanol, MEK, methylene chloride, paint, petroleum distillates, pigments, solvents, stripping compounds, toluene, and wastewater	D001 (acetone, chlorobenzene, glazes, methanol, MEK, methylene chloride, paint, petroleum distillates, solvents, stripping compounds, toluene, wastewater), D007 (chromium pigments), D008 (lead pigments), D021 (chlorobenzene), D035 (MEK), F001 and F002 (chlorobenzene), F003 (acetone, methanol), F005 (MEK, toluene), U002 (unused acetone), U037 (unused chlorobenzene), U159 (unused MEK), U220 (unused toluene)
  Specialty Contracting Activities	Acetone, adhesives, coatings, hexachloroethane, kerosene, MEK, MIK, pigments, solvents, toluene, wastewater, and xylene	D001 (acetone, adhesives, coatings, MEK, MIK, kerosene, solvents, toluene, wastewater, xylene), D007 (chromium pigments), D008 (lead pigments), D034 (hexachloroethane), D035 (MEK), F003 (acetone, MIK, xylene), F005 (toluene, MEK), U002 (unused acetone), U131 (unused hexachloroethane), U159 (unused MEK), U161 (unused MIK), U220 (unused toluene), U239 (unused xylene)

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Dry Cleaning

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene)	Spent Solvents	F002 and D039	Directly reuse spent solvent without prior reclamation Distill spent solvent to recover pure solvent Ship spent solvent to a hazardous waste TSDF for recovery, treatment, and/or disposal
  Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene)	Spent Filter Cartridges	F002 and D039	Drain filter cartridges well Return recovered solvent t charged solvent tanks or distillation units Store spent filter cartridges and filter (muck) in closed containers Ship spent filter cartridges and muck to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Install filter recovery units Install muck cooker to recover additional solvent Replace cartridge filters with spin disk filters to reduce fugitive emissions
  Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene)	Distillation Residues	F002 and D039	Distill filtered solvent to remove oils, fats, greases, etc. Accumulate and store distillation residues in closed containers Ship distillation residues to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Vent still condenser offgases to a carbon adsorption unit for additional solvent recovery Regenerate carbon absorber with hot air stripping rather than steam stripping
  Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene)	Cooked Power Residues	F002 and D039	Heat muck to recover additional solvent Accumulate and store muck cooker residues in closed containers Ship muck cooker residues to a registered hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Vent muck cooker condenser offgases to a carbon adsorption unit for additional solvent recovery Regenerate carbon absorber with hot air stripping rather than steam stripping
  Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Perchloroethylene, also known as tetrachloroethylene)	Unused Perc	D039 and U210	Use, reuse, or reclaim unused perc to avoid disposal Send unused perc to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Find a legitimate use for  the unused perc Return unused perc to the distributor
  Non-Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Trichloroethane (TCA) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-133))	Spent Solvents	D039 and U210	Use, reuse, or reclaim unused perc to avoid disposal Send unused perc to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Find a legitimate use for  the unused perc Return unused perc to the distributor
  Non-Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Trichloroethane (TCA) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-133))	Spent Filter Cartridges	F002, F005, and D001	Drain filter cartridges well Return recovered solvent to charged solvent tanks or distillation units Store spent filter cartridges and filter cakes (muck) in closed containers Ship spent filter cartridges and muck to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Install filter recovery units Replace cartridge filters with spin disk filters to reduce fugitive emissions
  Non-Perc Plants (Chemicals Used: Trichloroethane (TCA) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-133))	Distillation Residues	F002, F005, and D001	Distill filtered solvent to remove oils, fats, greases, etc. Accumulate and store distillation residues in closed containers Ship distillation residues to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and/or disposal	Vent still condenser offgases to unvented refrigeration systems for additional solvent recovery
  Petroleum Solvent Plants (Chemicals Used: Stoddard's Solvent)	Spent Solvent	D001	Ship spent solvent to a hazardous waste TSDF for recovery, treatment, and/or disposal	Use alternative petroleum solvents with a higher flash point or lower volatile organic compounds (VOC) content

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Educational & Vocational Shops

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes
  Automobile engine and body repair, metalworking, graphic arts-plate preparation, woodworking	Ignitable wastes, solvent wastes, acids/bases, paint wastes	D001, D002, F001-F005

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide.

• Equipment Repair

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes
  Degreasing, equipment cleaning, rust removal, paint preparation, painting, paint removal, spray booth, spray guns, and brush cleaning.	Acids/bases, toxic wastes, ignitable wastes, paint wastes, solvents	D001, D002, D006, D008, F001-F005

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide.

• Furniture Manufacturing and Refinishing

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Construction and Surface Preparation	Acetone, alcohols, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, oxalic acid, petroleum distillates, toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and xylene	D001 (solvent wastes, petroleum distillates, mineral spirits, acetone, and alcohols), D002 (oxalic acid), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), D040 (1,1,1-trichloroethane), F001 or F002 (1,1,1-trichloroethane), F003 (acetone, xylene, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methanol), F005 (toluene and methyl ethyl ketone), U002 (unused acetone), U159 (unused methyl ethyl ketone), U161 (unused methyl isobutyl ketone), U239 (unused xylene), U220 (unused toluene), and U080 (unused methylene chloride)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse Collect hazardous wastes for shipment off site to a hazardous waste TSDF using a registered hazardous waste transporter	Store waste solvents separately to facilitate recycling  Replace toxic solvent with less hazardous products Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring
  Staining and Painting	Acetone, alcohols, methanol, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, petroleum distillates, pigments, toluene, and VOCs	D001 (solvent wastes, petroleum distillates, and acetone), D007 (pigments), D008 (pigments), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), F003 (acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and methanol), F005 (toluene and methyl ethyl ketone), U002 (unused acetone), U159 (unused methyl ethyl ketone), U161 (unused methyl isobutyl ketone), and U220 (unused toluene)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse Collect hazardous wastes for shipment off site to a hazardous waste TSDF using a registered hazardous waste transporter	Store waste solvents separately to facilitate recycling Install biofiltration systems to filter exhaust from spray areas Replace coatings needing solvents with less-hazardous products such as water-borne coatings or waxes Use solvent-based coatings with high levels of solids to reduce air emissions Substitute High-VOC costing with those that harden when exposed to ultraviolet light Install high-volume, low-pressure, or electrostatic sprayers to decrease overspray Replace sprat coating processes with dip processes Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization Use washable metal filters in spray booths; reclaim spent washing solvent Collect overspray in a trough for distillation
  Finishing	Alcohols, petroleum distillates, pigments, toluene, toluene diisocyanate, VOCs, wastewater, and xylene	D001 (alcohols, petroleum distillates, xylene, and toluene diisocyanate), D003 (toluene diisocyanate), D007 (pigments), D008 (pigments), F003 (xylene), F005 (toluene), U223 (unused toluene diisocyanate), U239 (unused xylene), and U220 (unused toluene)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act Collect hazardous wastes for shipment off site to a hazardous waste TSDF using a registered hazardous waste transporter	Store waste solvents separately to facilitate recycling Install biofiltration systems to filter exhaust from spray areas Prepare smaller test batches of solvents and coatings Replace finishes needing solvents with less-hazardous products, such as water-borne coatings or waxes Substitute High-VOC costing with those that harden when exposed to ultraviolet light Provide training for spray gun operators in overspray reduction techniques Install high-volume, low-pressure, or electrostatic sprayers to decrease overspray Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization
  Brush and Spray Gun Cleaning	Acetone, alcohols, isopropanol, methanol, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, petroleum distillates, toluene, and VOCs	D001 (solvent wastes, petroleum distillates, isopropanol, mineral spirits, acetone, and alcohols), F003 (acetone), F005 (toluene), U002 (unused acetone), U220 (unused toluene), and U080 (unused methylene chloride)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse Collect hazardous wastes for shipment off site to a hazardous waste TSDF using a registered hazardous waste transporter	Store waste solvents separately to facilitate recycling  Spray products in large batches to reduce the number of times the gun must be cleaned Immerse only the front end of the spray gun in the solvent to minimize spills Clean spray guns into a container, rather than in to the air Reuse cleanup solvent until spent, then reclaim for further use Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Laboratories

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes
  Diagnostic and other laboratory testing	Spent solvents, unused reagents, reaction products, testing samples, contaminated materials	D001, D002, D003, F001-F005, U211

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide.

• Leather Manufacturing

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Soaking	High volume of wastewater and suspended solids	D002 (wastewater)	Filter rinsewater for reuse in process Reuse suspended solids as ingredients in organic fertilizer Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulator by the Clean Water Act Collect hazardous waste and ship using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF	Use washwater from bating process as rinsewater during soaking to reduce water consumption  Use efficient washing procedures to reduce wastewater generation  Reuse filtered rinse water in soaking process Reuse suspended solids as ingredient in organic fertilizers
  Hair Removal, Deliming, Bating	Alkaline wastewater, ammonium sulfate, calcium hydroxide, hydrogen sulfide, suspended solids, and toxic sulfides	D002 (alkaline wastewaters) and D003 (reactive sulfides)	Reuse secondary washes in the soaking process Settle out suspended solids for incorporation into fertilizer Destroy sulfides in the lime-sulfide solution and washes by air oxidation with a manganese sulfate catalyst After sulfide destruction, use the lime wastewaters to neutralize acid washes  Collect hazardous water and ship it using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act	Flesh hides before hair pulping and sell fleshings for rendering  Reuse secondary washes in the soaking process Incorporate settled suspended solids into fertilizer
  Tanning	Chromium, acid and alkaline salts, and acids	D002 (acid and alkaline salts and acids) and D007 (chromium)	Reuse spent chromium as ingredient in pickle solution  Reprocess spent chromium for reuse in tanning process Neutralize acid wastewaters with liming/unhairing/deliming liquors which have first been aerated to treat sulfide Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act	Reuse spent chromium as ingredient in pickle solution Process spent chromium for reuse in tanning process Use tanning splits to maximize efficiency of chromium Manage trivalent chromium to prevent oxidation into hexavalent chromium Maximize equipment efficiency
  Retanning, Dyeing, Fatliquoring	Chromium, kerosene, solvent and dye overspray, solvent still bottoms, toluene, and toxic dyes	D001 (kerosene, solvent and dye overspray, solvent still bottoms, and toluene), D007 (chromium), F001-F005 (solvent overspray, solvent still bottoms, and toluene)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit and reuse on site Reclaim and reuse retanning solutions Collect hazardous waste and ship using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal	Use less toxic dyes and coatings Seal solvent to prevent product volatilization Reduce air emissions by thermal drying in a controlled area with solvent recovery systems Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit and reuse on site Reengineer processes to utilize less chemicals  Reclaim and reuse retanning solutions
  Buffing Coating	Alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, diacetone alcohol), chromium in leather dust, esters (ethyl, propyl, and butyl acetates), glycol ethers (butoxyethanol and propoxyethanol), ketones (methyl isobutyl ketone, acetone, cyclohexanone, di-isobutyl ketone), methyl ethyl ketone, solvent overspray, solvent still bottoms, toluene, volatile organic air emissions and xylene	D001 (methyl ethyl ketone, solvent overspray, solvent still bottoms, and toluene), D007 (chromium), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), and F001- F005 (methyl ethyl ketone, solvent overspray, solvent still bottoms, toluene, and xylene)	Capture, recover, and reuse solvent Use trimmings and leather dust from buffing to make reconstituted leather Collect hazardous waste and ship using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal	Use water-based coatings and lacquer finishes to decrease volatile organic air emissions Prepare smaller test batches of solvents and coatings Install automated spray systems which adjust spray angle for each hide and reduce overspray Cover containers used during spray coating operations to prevent solvent volatilization  Capture, recover, and reuse solvent Store waste solvents separately to facilitate recycling Use trimmings and leather dust from buffing to make reconstituted leather
  Product Storage	Chromium, kerosene, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, and toluene	D001 (kerosene, methyl ethyl ketone, trichloroethylene, and toluene), U159 (methyl ethyl ketone), U228 (trichloroethylene), and U220 (toluene)	Collect hazardous waste and ship using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas to prevent materials from expiring  Computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Motor Freight and Railroad Transportation

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Unloading and Cleaning Tank Trucks and Rail Cars	Acid or alkaline cleaners, ethyl benzene, residuals (heels) from shipment of product or hazardous waste, residues from wastewater treatment, spent solvents, volatile organic emissions, and wastewater	D001 (residuals, solvent wastes), D002 (cleaners, residuals, wastewaters), F003 (ethyl benzene), F and K waste codes (residuals from shipment of F- and K-listed waste), and P and U waste codes (residuals from shipment of commercial chemical products)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse or send for reclamation Reuse wastewater solutions as the first rinse of highly contaminated tanks or cars Sell heels/residuals of commercial chemical products (CCPs) to a reclamation facility Use alkaline heels/residuals to neutralize acids wastes Use detergent CCP heels/residuals in future cleaning operations  Treat aqueous heels/residuals and wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF	Manage heels/residuals separately from each other to facilitate recycling Switch from washing processes using solvents or caustic solutions to steam cleaning methods, nonhazardous detergents, or aqueous solvents Install a closed washing and rinsing system to recycle wastewaters, reduce water usage, and limit volatile organic air emissions Use suction or vacuum pumps and squeegee the walls of tanks or cars to remove heels/residuals more efficiently and reduce contamination of wastewaters Wash trucks or rail cars more frequently to prevent residue accumulation that could make wash waters hazardous Minimize the amount of water used in washing operations Keep solvent containers covered to prevent product volatilization  Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring
  Degreasing, Parts Washing, Rust Removal	Ammonium hydroxide, benzene, chromic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, nitric acid, oil or grease, petroleum distillates, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, rags containing solvents or grease, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, toluene, toxic metals, volatile organic constituents, wastewaters, and sludges	D001 (benzene, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, oil or grease, petroleum distillates, toluene, used rags), D002 (ammonium hydroxide, chromic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, wastewaters), D007 (wastewaters, rags, contaminated solvents), D008 (contaminated solvents, rags, wastewaters), D018 (contaminated solvents, wastewaters), F001 or F002 (methylene chloride), and F005 (benzene, toluene)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse or contract to have the solvents shipped off site for recycling  Contract state or regional EPA office to determine the status of rags in tour state Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF	Replace solvent- and caustic-using washers with part washing systems, bake-off ovens, or detergent baths Substitute aqueous solutions for organic solvents Keep vehicles in good repair to prevent oil leaks  Install drip racks over solvent sinks and increase drip time to reduce air emissions Apply solvents with a method other than spraying to avoid air emissions Close solvent containers and keep solvent sinks covered to prevent product volatilization Use dry precleaning methods such as wire brushing Use contaminated washing solutions as prerinse for dirty parts
  Painting	Alcohols, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, paint pigments, petroleum distillates, volatile organic compounds, wastewater, and xylene	D001 (alcohols, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, petroleum distillates, xylene), D007 (pigments), D008 (pigments), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), F001 or F002 (methylene chloride), F003 (methyl isobutyl ketone, xylene), and F005 (methyl ethyl ketone, toluene)	Reclaim solvents in an onsite distillation unit for reuse or send for reclamation  Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act Dispose of paint sludges and cleaning wastes from paint stripping operations properly if hazardous solvents or other hazardous stripping materials are used Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF	Prepare smaller test batches of coatings. Use tarps or cloths to prevent paint mists from contaminating air, water, or soil when painting outside. Do not allow paint or paint wastes into your facility's drainage system, unless the system is designed and permitted to treat such wastes. Switch from hazardous organic-based paints to aqueous-based paints. Use all of the paint in a container. Use leftovers as undercoatings or primers. Replace finishes needing solvents with less hazardous products, such as water-borne coating Install biofiltration systems to filter exhaust from spray areas. Provide training for spray gun operators in overspray-reduction techniques. Install high-volume, low-pressure, or electrostatic sprayers to decrease overspray. Replace solvent-based stripping with mechanical methods such as plastic blast media systems. Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization. Clean spray guns and equipment frequently for efficient paint transfer. Use solvent-based coatings with high levels of solids to reduce air emissions. Purchase paint in recyclable or returnable containers to reduce disposal costs. Contact a waste exchange program. Follow label directions for shelf-life and storage conditions to avoid having to dispose of unused product.
  Spray Gun, Spray Booth, and Brush Cleaning	Acetone, alcohols, isopropanol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, paint pigments, petroleum distillates, toluene, and volatile organic constituents	D001 (acetone, alcohols, isopropanol, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methylene chloride, mineral spirits, petroleum distillates, toluene), D007 (pigments), D008 (pigments), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), F001 or F002 (methylene chloride), F003 (acetone, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone), and F005 (methyl ethyl ketone, toluene)	Reuse cleanup solvent until it is spent, then recycle on site or send out for reclamation. Collect paint containers and residues for recycling. Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF.	Spray paint in large batches to reduce the number of times the gun must be cleaned. To minimize spills, clean spray guns by immersing only the front end in solvent. Clean spray guns by passing solvent through gun and into a container, rather than spraying cleaning solvent into the air. Cover solvent containers to prevent product volatilization. Filter spray booths using washable metal filters instead of disposable filters. Wash spray booth filters for reuse. Catch overspray in a trough for collection and distillation rather than using disposable absorbent material. Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring.
  Parts Replacement	Batteries (lead acid, nickel cadmium, nickel, iron, carbonate), scrap metal, and used tires	D002 (battery acid), D006 (cadmium), and D008 (lead)	Sell scrap metal to a recycling facility. Collect batteries for reclamation. Have scrap tires retreaded or send for recycling. Recycle batteries on site, through the supplier, or at a local recycling facility. Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF.	To facilitate battery recycling, sort and label batteries, store in a manner that protects the batteries and prevents leaks, and inspect for leaking batteries. Protect batteries from the weather with tarp, roof, or other means. Store batteries in an open rack or water-tight secondary containment unit to prevent leaks. Neutralize acid spills and dispose of resulting waste as hazardous waste if it still exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste. Use longer-life batteries. Store scrap metal under cover to prevent run-off of oil and grease during outdoor storage. Rebuild scrap parts for reuse.
  Maintenance and Fluid Replacement	Fluids contaminated with heavy metals, radiator flushing solutions, used oil, and used oil filters	D002 (flushing solution), D008 (contaminated fluids), and D018 (contaminated fluids)	Drain oil filters carefully and collect and dispose of the oil properly. Manage used oils that have been mixed with listed hazardous waste as a hazardous waste. Reuse radiator flushing fluid. Collect used oil and automotive fluids for recycling. Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF.	Avoid mixing used oil with hazardous waste or material that would prevent recycling of the oil. Use a drip pan when dealing with used oil. Transfer drip pan contents to containers as soon as practical to prevent air emissions and spills. Avoid allowing used oil or oil drips to enter your drainage system unless an oil-water separation system is in place or specific arrangements have been made with the local sewer utility. Use absorbent materials (e.g., pigmat) to catch drips or spills during activities where oil drips might occur. Use track pans, absorbent materials, or other collection devices under an idling locomotive. Label and cover all drums or containers with used oil or oil filters that are exposed to storm water. Discharge coolant when the locomotive has stopped and is at a location where the coolant can be collected and managed, when possible, to minimize contamination of soil and water. Avoid discharging coolant when locomotive is crossing open water or traveling adjacent to open water, to minimize aesthetic degradation of water. Switch to a radiator fluid that is amenable to recycling. Avoid mixing locomotive coolant with antifreeze that will be recycled. Use brake fluid, transmission fluid, and other fluids that do not contain chlorinated hydrocarbons. Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring.
  Storage of Cleaning Chemicals	Acetone, hydrofluoric acid, methanol, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mineral spirits, toluene, and xylene	D001 (acetone, methanol, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mineral spirits, toluene, xylene), U002 (unused acetone), U080 (unused methylene chloride), U134 (unused hydrofluoric acid), U154 (unused methanol), U159 (unused methyl ethyl ketone), U161 (unused methyl isobutyl ketone), U220 (unused toluene), and U239 (unused xylene)	Collect spilled or off-specification commercial chemical products for reclamation. Package and label hazardous wastes for shipment using a hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF.	Install curbs around hazardous product storage areas to contain leaks. Minimize storage quantities. Inspect storage areas to catch leaks while manageable. Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas and computerize inventory control to prevent materials from expiring.

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the full RCRA In Focus publication for this industry.

• Pesticide End Users and Application Services

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes
  Pesticide application and cleanup	Used/unused pesticides, solvent wastes, ignitable wastes, contaminated soil (from spills), contaminated rinsewater, empty containers	D001, F001-F005, U129, U136, P094, P123

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide.

• Photo Processing

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Processing and Developing Negatives and Prints  (including bleach-fix, untreated tires, beach-fixers, reversal bleaches used in plumbingless minilabs, reversal bleaches, and system cleaners)	Silver	D011	Recover silver through metallic replacement, electrolytic recovery, or precipitation. Send silver recovery residuals to a silver refiner via commercial recycler or common carrier (in states that allow it). Ship silver waste, using a registered hazardous waste transporter, to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Discharge spent fixers (within allowable discharge limits) to a sewer system pursuant to a Clean Water Act permit.	Follow manufacturers' recommendations for pH levels and stop bath use. Replenish the strength of the fixer by adding ammonium thiosulfate when necessary. Keep fixer covered when not being used to prevent oxidation and minimize emissions. Use floating covers on solution tanks. Add ammonium thiosulfate to silver contaminated baths to extend the allowable buildup of silver.
  Washing	Silver	D011	Recover silver through ion exchanges. Send silver recovery residuals to a silver refiner via commercial recycler or common carrier (in states that allow it). Ship silver waste, using a registered hazardous waste transporter, to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal Discharge post-fix wastewaters (within allowable discharge limits) to a sewer system pursuant a to Clean Water Act permit.	Improve the efficiency of the wash bath by keeping the water at 80 °F, add ammonia to keep pH above 4.9, and add washing aids (salts). (Adding ammonia to adjust pH can result in local noncompliance for ammonia nitrogen pretreatment discharge limits.) If an ion exchange system is used, recirculate the effluent from the unit. Employ countercurrent (using water from previous rinsings in initial film washing stage) rather than parallel rinse techniques. Collect wash water and reuse.
  Stabilizing	Silver	D011	Recover silver through metallic replacement, electrolytic recovery, precipitation, or evaporation. Send silver recovery residuals to a silver refiner via commercial recycler or common carrier (in states that allow it). Ship silver waste, using a registered hazardous waste transporter, to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use floating covers on solution tanks. Use squeegees to minimize chemical carryover.
  System Cleaning	Acid regenerates, system cleaners, and photographic activators (D002), dichromate based Cleaners	D002 (acid regenerates, system cleaners, photographic activators) and D007 (dichromate)	Neutralize waste and discharge it to a sewer system pursuant to a Clean Water Act permit. Send waste to a hazardous waste TSDF for neutralization and/or disposal.	Collect cleaners and reuse them.
  Storing Products	Off-specification chemicals that are RCRA hazardous for corrosivity or ignitability	D002 (chemicals hazardous for corrosivity) or D001 (chemicals hazardous for ignitability)	Dispose of hazardous off-specification chemicals by sending them to a hazardous waste TSDF. Recycle unused commercial chemical products.	Exercise inventory control to avoid disposal of off-specification film and chemicals. Store unused chemicals and paper away from heat and light.

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Printing

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Using Ink in Lithography, Letterpress, Screen Printing, Flexography, and Gravure	Waste ink with chromium, barium, and lead content; and waste ink contaminated with cleaning solvents, such as trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2,3-trifluoroethane, chlorobenzene, xylene, acetone, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), toluene, carbon disulfide, or benzene	D005 (barium), D007 (chromium), D008 (lead), F001 to F005 (listed solvents), D001(ignitable waste), D018 (benzene), D019 (carbon tetrachloride), D021 (chlorobenzene), and D040 (trichloroethylene)	Recycle inks to make black ink. Reformulated black ink is comparable to lower quality new black inks such as newspaper ink. Dispose of inks by sending them to a fuel blending service that combines these and other wastes for burning at industrial boilers or kilns. Ship waste using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF.	Dedicate presses to specific colors or special inks to decrease the number of cleanings required for each press. Clean ink fountains only when changing colors or when there is a risk of ink drying. Run similar jobs simultaneously to reduce waste volume. Isolate inks contaminated with hazardous cleanup solvents from noncontaminated inks. Use organic solvent alternatives wherever possible, such as detergent or soap, nonhazardous blanket washes, and less toxic acetic acid solvents.
  Plate Processing	Acid plate etching chemicals for metallic lithographic plates, and flexographic photopolymer plates	D002 (corrosive waste), F002 (perchloroethylene), and F003 (butynol)	Neutralize waste acid on site in an exempt elementary neutralization unit. Ship waste using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Replace metal etching process with nonhazardous alternative. Check with your state about the use of alternative plate solvents that may or may not be considered hazardous.
  Cleaning Printing Equipment	Spent organic solvents might include trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, 1,1,1- trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2,3-trifluoroethane, chlorobenzene, xylene, acetone, methanol, MEK, toluene, carbon disulfide, or benzene	F001 to F005 (listed solvents), D001 (ignitable waste), D018 (benzene), D019 (carbon tetrachloride), D021 (chlorobenzene), D040 (trichloroethylene), D005 (barium), D007 (chromium), D008 (lead), D018 (benzene), and D019 (carbon tetrachloride)	Find a legitimate reuse for spent solvents on site. If reused, the solvents are not considered to be wastes and, therefore, are not regulated. Examples include reusing solvents in a parts-cleaning unit that is used to clean dirty press parts. Dispose of solvents by sending them to a fuel blending service, which combines these and other wastes for burning at industrial boilers or kilns. Recycle spent solvents in an onsite solvent still. Contract with a solvent recycler or supplier to take the spent solvent away and replace it with fresh solvent. Ship waste using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF. Most solvents will be recycled or incinerated. Appropriate management techniques for rags and disposable wipers contaminated with solvents are at the discretion of your state or EPA regional office. A wide variety of options are available including sending them to laundry services after wringing out excess solvent, disposing of them as hazardous waste, treating them to recover the solvents, or incinerating them as hazardous waste. To obtain your appropriate state or regional contact, call the RCRA Hotline at 800 424-9346.	Print lighter colors first. Squeegee or wipe surfaces clean before washing with solvent. Dedicate presses to specific colors or special inks to decrease the number of cleanings required for each press. Run similar jobs simultaneously to reduce cleanup waste volume. Use organic solvent alternatives wherever possible, such as detergent or soap, nonhazardous blanket washes, and less toxic acetic acid solvents.
  Developing Negatives and Prints	Waste photochemical solutions from fixer and rinsewater and from alkaline or acid process baths	D011 (silver) and D002 (corrosive waste)	Ship silver waste using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF. Recover silver from fixing baths using chemical recovery cartridges, electrolytic recovery cells, or ion exchange resins, and have a commercial recycler pick it up. Neutralize waste on site in an exempt elementary neutralization unit.	Eliminate silver waste by using silver-free films such as vasicular, diazo, electrostatic, and photopolymer. Add ammonium thiosulfate to silver-contaminated baths to extend the allowable buildup of silver. Use an acid stop bath prior to fixing bath to reduce effect of alkaline developer on fixing bath pH. Install waterless paper and film developing units to reduce volume of fixer waste. Employ countercurrent (using water from previous rinsings in initial film washing stage) rather than parallel rinse techniques. Containerize process baths to keep them from spoiling.
  Printing Processes	Unused inks, solvents, and other chemicals used in printing industry	D001, D002, U002 (acetone), U019 (benzene), U211 and D019 (carbon tetrachloride), U055 (cumene), U056 (cyclohexane), U069 (dibutyl phthalate), U112 (ethyl acetate), U259 (ethanol, 2-ethoxy), U359 (ethylene glycol monoethyl ether), U122 (formaldehyde), U154 (methanol), U226 (methyl chloroform), U080 (methylene chloride), U159 and D035 (MEK), U161 (methyl isobutyl ketone), U210 and D039 (tetrachloroethylene), U220 (toluene), U223 (toluene diisocyanate), U228 and D040 (trichloroethylene), U043 and D043 (vinyl chloride), and U239 (xylene)	Neutralize corrosive wastes on site in an exempt elementary neutralization unit. Find a legitimate reuse for unused chemicals on site. If legitimately reused, the chemicals are not considered to be waste. Examples include using solvents to clean dirty press parts. Dispose of organics with high fuel value by sending them to a fuel blending service, which combines these and other wastes for burning at industrial boilers or kilns. Ship waste using a registered hazardous waste transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF. Most organics will be incinerated.	Instigate inventory controls to avoid overstocking on inks, solvents, and other printing chemicals.

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.

• Textile Manufacturing

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Bleaching	Hydrogen peroxide, sodium silicate, and organic stabilizer	D002 (hydrogen peroxide)	Treat waste in an elementary neutralization unit. hazardous waste and ship to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use least-toxic bleach solutions.
  Mercerizing	Alkali and sodium hydroxide.	D002 (alkali and sodium hydroxide), if disposing of contaminated raw materials.	Treat waste in an elementary neutralization unit. Collect hazardous waste and ship to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use least-toxic bleach solutions. Maximize equipment efficiency.
  Equipment Maintenance	Tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, chlorobenzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, benzene, xylene, ethylene dichloride, isopropyl alcohol, and mineral spirits (naptha)	D001 (isopropyl alcohol and mineral spirits), D018 (benzene), D021 (chlorobenzene), D035 (methyl ethyl ketone), D039 (tetrachloroethylene), D040 (trichloroethylene), F001- F005 (benzene, chlorobenzene, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, toluene, xylene), U019 (benzene), U037 (chlorobenzene), U077 (ethylene dichloride), U080 (methylene chloride), U159 (methyl ethyl ketone), U210 (Tetrachloroethylene), U220 (toluene), U228 (trichloroethylene) and U239 (xylene)	Reclaim used solvents on site or contract with a recycling facility. Reuse solvents. Collect hazardous waste and ship it using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Treat wastewaters in a wastewater treatment unit regulated by the Clean Water Act.	Don't overclean materials. Use as little solvent as necessary. Keep solvent containers sealed when possible to prevent volatilization and reduce emissions. Substitute less-hazardous or nonhazardous solvents.

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the full RCRA In Focus publication for this industry.

• Vehicle Maintenance

  Activity	Wastes Generated	Possible RCRA Waste Codes	Potential Recycling, Treatment, and Disposal Methods	Potential Pollution Prevention Methods
  Air Conditioner Maintenance	Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)	U075 (if unused)	None	Reclaim spent CFCs.
  Battery Replacement	Lead dross, zinc, copper, and spent sulfuric acid	D002 and D008	Arrange for spent battery collection and recycling. Ship waste using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Install longer life batteries.
  Body Repair and Refinishing	Scrap metal	D006, D007, and D008	Send parts to be rebuilt or recycled as scrap metal. Sweep or vacuum dust for proper disposal.	None
  Car Washing	Methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, aromatic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons	D001, F002, D040, U080, and U228	Filter and reuse wastewaters. Collect wastewaters and ship off site using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Pretreat (if necessary) and discharge wastewaters following Clean Air Act requirements.	Use a grit separator before discharging wastewaters.
  Oil and Fluid Replacement	Used oil, oil filters, and fuel filters contaminated with cadmium, chromium, lead, benzopyrene; ethylene glycol (antifreeze) contaminated with lead; petroleum distillates; and chlorinated hydrocarbons	D001, D006, D007, and D008	Store fluids separately to make it easier to recycle. Recycle used oil and antifreeze. Recycle drained oil filters and fuel filters as scrap metal. Ship hazardous waste using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use drip pans to prevent contamination of the floor and subsequent floor-cleaning solutions. Use a long-lasting, high-performance oil that needs less frequent changing. Use fluids (e.g., brake, transmission, etc.) that do not contain chlorinated hydrocarbons.
  Tire Replacement	Scrap tires	None	Ship scrap tires using a registered hauler to a scrap tire processor, such as a licensed energy recovery facility, or a reuse, retreading or recycling facility. Ship scrap tires using an appropriate hauler to a permitted, nonhazardous waste landfill. Be sure the landfill accepts tires.	None
  Rustproofing, Painting, and Paint Removal;	Spent halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents such as acetone, toluene, benzene,xylene, methanol, methylene chloride, isopropyl alcohol; waste paint thinner and paint; paint filters; and spent rags and wipes	D001, D035, F002, and F003	Keep waste paint and paint sludge separate from waste thinner. Collect rustproofing drippage and dispose of properly. Collect hazardous waste and ship it using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Reclaim solvents and paint thinners on site (small stills are available in a variety of volumes), or send for recycling. Give leftover paint to the customer. Use recyclable paint filters.	Use mechanical paint stripping methods such as plastic blast media instead of solvents. Use high transfer efficiency equipment (e.g., equipment with a low over-spray) to reduce air emissions. Replace chlorinated solvents with nonchlorinated products. Use water-based paint when possible (the number of less hazardous paint choices is increasing).
  Parts Washing and Degreasing	Benzene, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, sodium hydroxide, heavy metals, petroleum distillates, and spent rags and wipes	D001, D002, D018, D008, and F001	Ship hazardous waste using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Reclaim used solvents on site, or contract with a recycling facility. Reuse solvents; for example, rinse with used solvent followed by a small amount of fresh solvent.	Don't over-clean parts and use as little solvent as necessary. Keep solvent containers sealed when possible to prevent volatilization and reduce emissions. Use a self-contained recirculating solvent sink. Contract with a solvent service company to take sludges and used solvent and maintain the sink. Substitute aqueous or alkaline cleaners instead of hazardous solvents. Use steam cleaners, heat baths, or high-pressure washing units instead of units using solvents. These methods can also be used to preclean, lessening solvent use and contamination. Preclean parts with dry rags or brushes to limit use and contamination of solvents, then reuse rags and solvents. Install a drip rack over cleaning tanks to confine drips to the cleaning process. Allow more drainage time. Skim off petroleum contaminants and reuse rinse waters.
  Product Storage and Storage Tank Cleaning	Various solvents and petroleum products potentially outdated or off-specification	D001 and F001	Ship off-specification and outdated products using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal. Reclaim/reuse off specification products.	Use a first in, first out policy in storage areas to prevent materials from becoming outdated. Computerize inventory control. Routinely inspect storage areas. Comply with UST design standards and monitoring to prevent leaks.
  Radiator Repair	Zinc chloride (coolant), chlorinated solvents, and lead solder	D001, D002, D008, and F002	Collect and reclaim solvents. Store them separately, do not contaminate. Ship hazardous waste using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Adjust process to reduce solvent use (e.g., use compressed air to blow out residual alkaline solution after removing from boil-out tank, then collect and return to tank). Employ lead-free or reduced lead solder. Use a recyclable type of radiator fluid and collect flushing liquid for reuse.
  Shop Cleanup	Used oil and drain or sump sludges contaminated with metals, petroleum, solvents, and spent rags and wipes	D001, D002, D008, and F002	Properly store wastes in hazardous waste accumulation tanks or containers. Ship hazardous waste using a registered transporter to a hazardous waste TSDF for treatment and disposal.	Use good housekeeping practices to prevent contaminants from reaching the floor (drip pans, worker training and incentives, proper containers for wastes). Use less hazardous cleaners (biodegradable when possible). Do not use solvents for cleaning floors. Avoid disposing of partially used rags or absorbents. Use them to their limit.

  More information on the regulations and this industry can be found in the Small Business Guide and the RCRA in Focus publication for this industry.