Cesium (chemical symbol Cs) is a soft, flexible, silvery-white metal that becomes liquid near room temperature, but easily bonds with chlorides to create a crystalline powder. The most common radioactive form of cesium is Cs-137. Cesium-137 is produced by nuclear fissionfissionThe splitting of an atomic nucleus into at least two other nuclei with the release of a relatively large amount of energy. Fissioning that occurs without any outside cause is called "spontaneous fission." for use in medical devices and gauges. It is also one of the byproducts of nuclear fission processes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons testing.

Type of Radiation Emitted:		Half-lifeHalf-lifeThe time required for half of the radioactive atoms present to decay or transform. Some radionuclides have half-lives of mere seconds, but others have half-lives of hundreds or millions of years.
Beta ParticlesBeta ParticleA form of particulate ionizing radiation made up of small, fast-moving particles. Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing damage such as skin burns. Beta-emitters are most hazardous when they are inhaled or swallowed.	Gamma RaysGamma RaysA form of ionizing radiation that is made up of weightless packets of energy called photons. Gamma rays can pass completely through the human body; as they pass through, they can cause damage to tissue and DNA.	30.17 years

• Cesium in the environment
• Cesium sources
• Cesium and health

Cesium in the Environment

Because Cs-137 bonds with chlorides to make a crystalline powder, it reacts in the environment like table salt (sodium chloride):

• Cesium moves easily through the air.
• Cesium dissolves easily in water.
• Cesium binds strongly to soil and concrete, but does not travel very far below the surface.
• Plants and vegetation growing in or nearby contaminated soil may take up small amounts of Cs-137 from the soil.

Small quantities of Cs-137 can be found in the environment from nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactor accidents.

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Cesium Sources

Cesium-137 is used in small amounts for calibration of radiation detection equipment, such as Geiger-Mueller counters. In larger amounts, Cs-137 is used in:

• Medical radiation therapy devices for treating cancer.
• Industrial gauges that detect the flow of liquid through pipes.
• Other industrial devices that measure the thickness of materials such as paper or sheets of metal.

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Cesium and Health

External exposure to large amounts of Cs-137 can cause burns, acute radiation sickness and even death. Exposure to such a large amount could come from the mishandling of a strong industrial source of Cs-137, a nuclear detonation or a major nuclear accident. Large amounts of Cs-137 are not found in the environment under normal circumstances. 

Exposure to Cs-137 can increase the risk for cancer because of the presence of high-energy gamma radiation. Internal exposure to Cs-137 through ingestion or inhalation allows the radioactive material to be distributed in the soft tissues, especially muscle tissue, which increases cancer risk.

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