This document summarizes the process which utilized EPA's laboratory engine and chassis dynamometer test data to generate a full engine fuel consumption map for the 2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 engine from the 2015 Ford F150 tested on Tier 2 fuel. The generated full engine map defines the complete operating boundaries of the engine which are needed for ALPHA modeling including idle, WOT, minimum torque, and maximum speed.
SUGGESTED CITATION:
2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel - ALPHA Map Package. Version 2019-11. Ann Arbor MI: US EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2019.
Engine Physical Characteristics
Set physical characteristics based on published information titled: 2015 FORD F-150 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/2015_Specs/2015_F150_Specs.pdf
engine = [];
engine.name = '2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel';
engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition;
engine.displacement_L = 2.694;
engine.num_cylinders = 6;
engine.compression_ratio = 10.0;
engine.bore_mm = 83;
engine.stroke_mm = 83;
Test Data
Import EPA engine dynamometer test data from "2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel Cell 9 - Test Data Package. Version 2019-11. Ann Arbor, MI: US EPA, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2019." and from "2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel HD1 - Test Data Package. Version 2019-11. Ann Arbor, MI: US EPA, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, National Center for Advanced Technology, 2019." The Cell 9 data set includes detailed steady-state operation measurements at mid and low engine torque. The HD1 data set was run on a higher capacity engine dynamometer and includes transient measurements at high engine torque. These two data sets are combined to generate the full engine map that defines the complete operating boundaries of the engine including, idle, WOT, minimum torque, and maximum speed.
test_data = readtable2('4- 2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel Cell 9 - Test Data.xlsx','Sheet','Steady State','VariableNamesRange',4,'VariableUnitsRange',5,'DataRange',6); ss_test_data.name = 'SS Test Data - Cell 9'; ss_test_data.speed_rpm = test_data.Speed; ss_test_data.torque_Nm = test_data.Torque; ss_test_data.fuel_gps = test_data.FuelMeterFlow; ss_test_data.manifold_press_kPaA = test_data.IntakeManifoldPress; test_data = readtable2('4- 2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel HD1 - Test Data.xlsx','Sheet','High Load Initial','VariableNamesRange',4,'VariableUnitsRange',5,'DataRange',6); hl_test_data.name = 'HL Test Data - Cell HD1'; hl_test_data.speed_rpm = test_data.Speed; hl_test_data.torque_Nm = test_data.Torque; hl_test_data.fuel_gps = test_data.InjectorFuelFlow; hl_test_data.manifold_press_kPaA = test_data.IntakeManifoldPress;
Additional Fueling Data
Add estimated points from vehicle chassis testing for improved loaded idle fuel consumption estimates; Published report pending. The test data did not contain engine torque measurements, so they have been estimated from transmission and accessory information.
est_idle_data.name = 'Estimated Idle Data';
est_idle_data.speed_rpm = [ 625, 580, 600];
est_idle_data.torque_Nm = [ 12, 30, 80];
est_idle_data.fuel_gps = [ 0.248, 0.200, 0.45];
Maximum Torque (WOT) Curve Data
Use "2015 FORD F-150 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS." (n.d.). Retrieved from https://media.ford.com/content/dam/fordmedia/North%20America/US/2015_Specs/2015_F150_Specs.pdf
Peak Torque: 375 ft-lbs @ 3000 RPM
Peak Power: 325 hp @ 5750 RPM
Additional points added to produce an approximate curve:
WOT_data{1}.speed_rpm = [2000, 3000, 4250, 5750];
WOT_data{1}.torque_Nm = [340, 375, 360, 297] * convert.ftlbs2Nm;
Minimum Torque (Zero Accelerator Pedal) Curve Data
Use zero pedal test points provided in the Engine Test Data packages referenced above; no additional inputs are necessary.
Fuel Properties
Load fuel properties described in the Engine Test Data packages referenced above. The two tests both used Tier 2 fuel although from two different batches as indicated by the Fuel Analysis report numbers. No adjustments were necessary because the heating values were the same for both fuels.
engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel('FTAG 25278');
disp(engine.fuel);
class_REVS_fuel with properties:
id: 'FTAG 25278'
description: 'Tier 2 Cert'
density_kgpL_15C: 0.74245
energy_density_MJpkg: 42.908
carbon_weight_fraction: 0.8664
research_octane_number: 96.6
motor_octane_number: 88.9
alcohol_pct_vol: 0
gCO2pgal: 8922.3
energy_density_BTUplbm: 18447
specific_gravity: 0.74316
Idle Speed
Set estimated idle speed using preliminary EPA chassis dynamometer test data for the 2015 Ford F150; EPA published report pending.
engine.idle_speed_radps = 700 * convert.rpm2radps ;
Engine Build for Simulation in ALPHA
Construct the ALPHA engine, combining all of the above inputs. Fit the fueling data onto a grid for simple interpolation and establish points that represent the maximum and minimum engine torque versus speed. Confirm the quality of fit between the input data and the resulting engine description by examining the resulting plots.
engine = REVS_build_engine(engine, {ss_test_data, hl_test_data, est_idle_data}, 'WOT',WOT_data , 'plot_bsfc', 'plot_efficiency');
Idle Fuel Verification
Confirm appropriate fuel consumption near idle conditions. The conditions below represent the idle observed during chassis testing using estimates for accessory load and with engine torque. The speeds and fuel flow agree with measurements recorded on this engine however; in general, idle speeds and fueling depend on the drivetrain the engine is coupled to and may change depending on the application.
% Idle @ 580 RPM in drive measured fuel rate ~0.195 g/sec engine.interp_fuel_gps( 580 * convert.rpm2radps, 30); % Idle @ 625 RPM in neutral measured fuel rate ~0.242 g/sec engine.interp_fuel_gps( 625 * convert.rpm2radps, 12);
0.21409
0.2435
Fuel Map Linearity
Confirm expected trends in output fuel map, specifically in regions where test data is unavailable.
REVS_plot_engine_fuel_linearity(engine)
Model Calibration Options
Calibrate additional properties of the ALPHA engine model which can be set to match observed behaviors during the validation process.
Note: Default values are used unless properties are specified below, which are derived from the composite set of EPA testing and model validation activities.
Accelerator Pedal Map
Apply default pedal mapping for passenger cars, which will linearly increase engine power with accelerator pedal position.
engine.pedal_map_type = enum_engine_pedal_map_type.max_engine_power;
Deceleration Fuel Cut-Off (DFCO) Transition Adjustment
Calibrate properties for additional fueling after a DFCO event that aligns with test data.
This sample test data shows a return to fueling after DFCO and the additional fuel used relative to the steady state map. Chassis dynamometer test data was used to calibrate the values below.
engine.DFCO_min_duration_secs = 2.0; % DFCO defueled duration before triggering additional fueling engine.DFCO_refuel_multiplier = [1.0, 1.3, 1.0]; % DFCO refuel multiplier profile engine.DFCO_refuel_multiplier_time_secs = [0.0, 0.1, 4.0]; % DFCO refuel multiplier profile time [sec]
File Description
Generate and write the created ALPHA engine definition into a file for later simulation.
write_REVS_engine( 'engine_2015_Ford_EcoBoost_2L7_Tier2.m', engine);
Engine Build: engine_2015_Ford_EcoBoost_2L7_Tier2.m
% ALPHA ENGINE DEFINITION % Generated 26-Nov-2019 14:00:10 % Constructor engine = class_REVS_engine(); engine.name = '2015 Ford 2.7L EcoBoost V6 Engine Tier 2 Fuel'; engine.source_filename = mfilename;engine.matrix_vintage = enum_matrix_vintage.present; % Physical Description engine.displacement_L = 2.694; engine.num_cylinders = 6; engine.combustion_type = enum_engine_combustion_type.spark_ignition; engine.compression_ratio = 10; engine.bore_mm = 83; engine.stroke_mm = 83; % Maximum Torque Curve engine.full_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.00000000000000000 ; 104.71975511965977 ; 157.18435243460928 ; 183.36429121452426 ; 209.43951023931953 ; 314.15926535897933 ; 445.05895925855401 ; 602.13859193804365 ; 632.24552153494585 ; 662.35245113184806 ]; engine.full_throttle_torque_Nm = [ 0.00000000000000000 ; 230.06000000000000 ; 350.02999999999997 ; 416.41000000000003 ; 460.97811999999999 ; 508.43174999999997 ; 488.09447999999998 ; 402.67794599999996 ; 345.15252514285709 ; 0.00000000000000000 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_speed_radps = [ 0.00000000000000000 ; 131.01649670336204 ; 235.73648874554465 ; 366.75421695243710 ; 471.44509393129323 ; 525.00091508751802 ; 662.35245113184806 ]; engine.naturally_aspirated_torque_Nm = [ 177.01373129711121 ; 164.83824751007714 ; 163.11243753133772 ; 178.97027918601964 ; 210.22227530483872 ; 214.11090264907719 ; 196.46906097392107 ]; % Minimum Torque Curve engine.closed_throttle_speed_radps = [ 0.00000000000000000 ; 131.00441365469436 ; 288.08404633418399 ; 314.26398511409894 ; 418.98374023375868 ; 471.34361779358858 ; 662.35245113184806 ]; engine.closed_throttle_torque_Nm = [ -11.473129230769228 ; -12.369999999999999 ; -22.750000000000000 ; -28.680000000000000 ; -25.370000000000001 ; -14.699999999999999 ; -16.007667692307692 ]; % Fuel Map engine.fuel_map_speed_radps = [ 0.00000000000000000 ; 31.459559767197788 ; 62.919119534395577 ; 104.84192816729936 ; 131.01649670336204 ; 157.19416991165178 ; 183.37045120011953 ; 209.55470196995117 ; 235.73648874554465 ; 261.90718754706666 ; 288.08404633418394 ; 314.36576660448463 ; 366.75421695243710 ; 419.10518084046606 ; 471.44509393129323 ; 525.00091508751802 ; 575.62521136093756 ; 618.98883124639281 ; 662.35245113184806 ]; engine.fuel_map_torque_Nm = [ -30.114000000000001 ; -17.578823529411764 ; -0.58999999999999997 ; 25.218833333333336 ; 55.537777777777777 ; 80.155833333333334 ; 104.37500000000000 ; 117.65199999999999 ; 144.49029411764707 ; 178.61375000000001 ; 199.14357142857142 ; 225.90000000000001 ; 250.61500000000001 ; 280.40499999999997 ; 315.27429687500000 ; 344.01165539148354 ; 376.65134651107405 ; 405.25664460393409 ; 438.68760604056433 ; 469.19035353535355 ; 491.92833333333334 ; 512.89083541666662 ; 533.85333749999995 ]; engine.fuel_map_gps = [ 0.19847310126637593 0.27397056250365287 0.34427081257484354 0.41521067769679654 0.44201580890487235 0.46440174038922433 0.48643942247119432 0.50782441296319980 0.53029985882032904 0.55482434365761835 0.57806762636280995 0.60734742515549955 0.74203175711064528 0.89146842566484541 1.0472079069665885 0.95592499541071929 0.86514833430661076 0.79083275341019910 0.71772770376242623 ; 0.16821378208565327 0.24104880719615021 0.31276243559793809 0.39410119109923519 0.41947584163228369 0.44359697797520686 0.46844902755896128 0.49138548030586110 0.51822933545020777 0.55648791858826929 0.60166023643618916 0.65260248629800521 0.79723585141827791 0.96362991952675436 1.1407499854757785 1.2258728696240666 1.2283885100884271 1.2121849480226272 1.1918823656337030 ; 0.12888769239924627 0.19712745625809092 0.26899017438473055 0.36018139721202780 0.39017085234843263 0.41836660692797584 0.44425160912248796 0.47229305288699192 0.50996891946612111 0.57242949727967973 0.65166425786389448 0.74862506796514316 0.91631736936546193 1.1075826017598349 1.3467135082998440 1.6010006195381170 1.7212696636328471 1.7831944530981294 1.8343916886562939 ; 0.083379297782586945 0.14350461308769555 0.20423906105979997 0.31543992286606726 0.37484076519817011 0.44191983512343735 0.51506482307928281 0.61429698952896317 0.72885525502383297 0.84445888201018671 0.97356970181968472 1.1156358677489637 1.3475215750173923 1.5811476671128712 1.9085784665903713 2.2322471207057970 2.4801475500339754 2.6531954700355742 2.8112445409978917 ; 0.070279222049424883 0.18239943227106761 0.29718359276964762 0.47447581523514282 0.60486189915120769 0.72465387111590196 0.86460474548901745 1.0085486664245342 1.1560415870966327 1.3010631419810943 1.4555185805637669 1.6305606481463697 1.9620673271300015 2.3207711411461744 2.7156800917415036 3.0844118082005645 3.4255147786953115 3.7047580428253601 3.9766002075335818 ; 0.099243435151275414 0.26836828062777462 0.43895402891095947 0.63111038129971220 0.80133149612056231 0.96612782024984867 1.1258621188770894 1.2792933466592096 1.4550805674860952 1.6431567676692485 1.8442081326666426 2.0645651056312286 2.4722876682443924 2.9190502135942009 3.3773527477207952 3.8242723116228436 4.2464187930322757 4.6076246834950441 4.9678488869424875 ; 0.15709313101963518 0.35554794289213382 0.55266211216427186 0.81504437466442348 1.0047619254551436 1.1944732957588831 1.3872900422051229 1.5803130928065805 1.7937182961863374 2.0248610020499482 2.2595034871969486 2.5004556709889956 2.9822027834064246 3.4918653703122540 4.0349116912256635 4.5774640428527542 5.0962724845275007 5.5478285356469001 6.0028012203701300 ; 0.19668397683748201 0.40945731319309098 0.62232940240859147 0.91540607017099451 1.1114775452067756 1.3191023291543320 1.5378325111458140 1.7525043350871772 1.9848202431829876 2.2347450141609877 2.4869384314965139 2.7423275526009618 3.2653767460800194 3.8091074250055579 4.3973148383973397 4.9968643332051981 5.5761897907262314 6.0840903882811288 6.5975663937351676 ; 0.29424098490598077 0.53675208976012379 0.78095631376072838 1.1137806361922638 1.3295351687705885 1.5797957372446974 1.8358253256096426 2.0945243971104395 2.3660594936213695 2.6492235788110197 2.9361632610705812 3.2308531680549883 3.8440351050226513 4.4746148233987384 5.1387953375616968 5.8593311760093894 6.5805733649280151 7.2216516520586644 7.8725432815859238 ; 0.46501294039468721 0.74748617152833519 1.0333659919972680 1.4322756065373170 1.7041008473442718 1.9550423580357581 2.2259773382920991 2.5136767903071400 2.8186187518471875 3.1382282208276289 3.4726686976863528 3.8272641483440726 4.5684606068649583 5.3096462252050083 6.0862216900319117 7.0051347083397131 7.9796709833176038 8.8589399560475286 9.7531992764684201 ; 0.58125954738386831 0.89234866166219318 1.2063308590316524 1.6378766147676189 1.9139770955021775 2.1797434075965723 2.4587998120661010 2.7646120553730817 3.0980013979086216 3.4470690114380598 3.8125715721409779 4.1929724423142405 4.9901593395316306 5.7620378893080568 6.6354510878459587 7.7268345360373116 8.9002815608541006 9.9568350487012172 11.028601788620307 ; 0.73329659750303933 1.0888984682257663 1.4416145697516869 1.9072132271285334 2.2118230656732454 2.4627648973925940 2.7514728141138933 3.0928823174976494 3.4715527156846142 3.8676759345834446 4.2704453858971059 4.6750571128443967 5.4943900063569577 6.3370016317299260 7.3391330570247488 8.7144808184134526 10.189586882674604 11.505155842248470 12.833157399665449 ; 0.84743731677239109 1.2603687286460104 1.6686789152917954 2.1894930125937777 2.4903998412808246 2.7667191368601882 3.0765695087776761 3.4355548201187314 3.8390356611026886 4.2697017952330238 4.7104439429027485 5.1323889546529617 5.9815602754163519 6.9206851036036916 8.0381387810357570 9.7138073987407552 11.491199281657032 13.063044601778181 14.645626905588655 ; 0.92693260341309958 1.4175312327448595 1.9064063124050901 2.5360962012637609 2.8800292241283447 3.1611690026166865 3.4668192172993804 3.8450089167161106 4.2750093879587823 4.7269274251108264 5.1967477166139897 5.6701039725710318 6.6266412161765880 7.7615525080298742 9.1302302857887980 11.060569407792800 13.205292213189958 15.091838677543086 17.001203605247628 ; 0.91458319987062475 1.4760340395869931 2.0333866509745016 2.7519064083069353 3.1696907022069976 3.5647027759161132 3.9731782122109478 4.4050528527156265 4.8468798170614633 5.3358499389377281 5.8652924849413477 6.3999153985296688 7.5226752756050645 8.8733051908987797 10.478775615095950 12.754772035739419 15.376915099591587 17.629236407716302 19.966101423028793 ; 0.82346993553049375 1.4438703637277868 2.0629857279037123 2.8853977154654387 3.4029108000816017 3.9292991136513749 4.4744022796912244 5.0242409397557930 5.5210347943884042 6.0605506217183267 6.5572668686320936 7.1347714984787061 8.4325061668525745 9.9333627866745928 11.734544752296022 14.229420372899352 17.022907228334038 19.776798276416745 22.461537425933546 ; 0.66239082468320076 1.3712919603209783 2.0844805506511386 3.0581041818527122 3.6928744876446480 4.3463169184654555 5.0155203057800737 5.6950943213516076 6.3314265003675496 6.9385974539382920 7.5621139269876769 8.2349795184566368 9.5717921216601045 11.065076275438992 13.201405520363604 16.285636859702954 19.823889106970416 22.493156270777185 25.107188654510129 ; 0.50657306771336463 1.3178668718525817 2.1327829388002284 3.2389383156598881 3.9548063487654188 4.6903469239546389 5.4446261497163952 6.2041876637297984 6.9613225131692280 7.6338640565473259 8.4204840084343306 9.2634921742258669 10.469787688301459 11.830823428218464 14.562798377150939 18.734345995862000 22.002454956166211 24.574407797647137 27.136915343302793 ; 0.31677959476559658 1.2841407565470790 2.2502335536815989 3.5322260217353896 4.3293105533988312 5.1295074890942951 5.9501057592293307 6.8311147586619825 7.8505870445290835 8.7730591742629063 9.4766749884268879 9.9234593107817108 11.259497690846414 13.006453917658797 16.256582994433888 20.265500855839683 23.679286175412937 26.430142878674012 29.130308184037649 ; 0.12098657105459155 1.2714960413909444 2.4197837893336867 3.9416769913755521 4.8873077135171128 5.8334481884321736 6.7877319351700187 7.7654329831316149 8.7937498153650946 9.6856404324221135 10.340233794358589 10.776225782857935 12.038191191441372 14.081665931163865 17.398363812254050 21.206606762200984 24.736059409096807 27.670283620091645 30.564507934392541 ; 0.00000000000000000 1.2684169336067592 2.5751676477338670 4.3128756200230809 5.3967769879739036 6.4816805863959068 7.5687130151804984 8.6557814121513470 9.7290934990704390 10.759105950681484 11.728674138740377 12.603932715302781 12.937783853906813 15.187114869642048 18.298434614993340 21.896053917515637 25.425316871763052 28.454318459191619 31.474717832241453 ; 0.00000000000000000 1.2683422616700575 2.7312883573324860 4.6822793631013440 5.9005005744362524 7.1169717028989350 8.3264977678196352 9.5208892598125203 10.689253816323104 11.821109241864253 12.888400415077205 13.822912189172275 14.582670291570334 16.454309332085010 19.183412441879355 22.545410214153758 26.038621570473214 29.131492070030006 32.251244772482082 ; 0.00000000000000000 1.2694876278929226 2.8927309616881272 5.0617855405741636 6.4156377004370908 7.7644979918687751 9.0991597244438065 10.406762125665111 11.668141844633013 12.856937862725909 13.941322331835998 14.900958000819129 16.301464623639987 17.830327263134233 20.102929978281249 23.203338616830976 26.646978213102130 29.793628582518352 33.003979175198175 ]; % Fuel Properties engine.fuel = class_REVS_fuel('FTAG 25278'); % Idle Speed engine.idle_speed_radps = class_REVS_dynamic_lookup; engine.idle_speed_radps.axis_1.signal = 'veh_spd_mps'; engine.idle_speed_radps.axis_1.breakpoints = [ 0.00000000000000000 10.000000000000000 ]; engine.idle_speed_radps.table = [ 73.303828583761842 ; 73.303828583761842 ]; % Pedal Calibration engine.pedal_map_type = enum_engine_pedal_map_type.max_engine_power; % Calibration Adjustment Factors engine.DFCO_min_duration_secs = 2; engine.DFCO_refuel_multiplier_time_secs = [ 0.00000000000000000 0.10000000000000001 4.0000000000000000 ];