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Biosolids

Biosolids Library

This library may help biosolids managers access key resources. You can sort by document topic, name, year published and source.

Topics Document Description Year Source
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(1): 2005 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2006 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(2): 2007 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2008 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(3): 2009 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2012 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(4): 2011 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2015 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(5): 2013 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2018 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(6): 2015 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2018 EPA
Biennial Review Biennial Review of 40 CFR Part 503(7): 2016 – 2017 This document fulfills Section 405(d)(2)(C) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) requirements that states that EPA shall review the sewage sludge regulations not less often than every two years for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of section 405(d).  2019 EPA
Biennial Review 2011 Biosolids Biennial Review Fact Sheet Summary of the 2011 Biosolids Biennial Review. 2015 EPA
Biennial Review 2013 and 2015 Biosolids Biennial Reviews Fact Sheet Summary of the 2013 and 2015 Biosolids Biennial Reviews. 2018 EPA
Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement  Sludge Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Guidance Final Sludge Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Guidance. 1993 EPA
Congressional Report:  Pretreatment  National Pretreatment Program: Report to Congress This is a Report to Congress examining what is known about discharges of toxic pollutants to POTWs, the extent to which POTWs remove toxic pollutants from wastewaters, and the environmental effects of toxic pollutants released from POTWs to receiving waters, sewage sludge, and air. It also evaluates how well the National Pretreament Program is being carried out, and examines alternative regulatory strategies for improving the Program. 1991 EPA
Fact Sheet Guidance for Controlling Potential Risks to Workers Exposed to Class B Biosolids This  guidance  is  intended  only  for  controlling  health  risks  to  workers  from Class B biosolids during handling and land application. This guidance is not intended to address nonoccupational exposure. 2002 CDC/NIOSH
Federal Regulations Title 40 CFR Part 136 Part 136 - Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of  Pollutants.   EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards Draft Rule on Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (40 CFR Parts 257 and 503). Federal Register  Vol. 54 No. 23 Proposed rule of 40 CFR Parts 257 and 503, Standards for the Disposal of Sewage Sludge that went out for comment before Part 503 was finalized in 1993. 1989 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Final Rule: 40 CFR Part 257 et al. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge. Federal Register  Vol. 58 No. 32 (P. 9248) 40 CFR Part 257 et al. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge; Final Rules. 1993 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Final Rule: Amendment of Pollutant Limits for Molybdenum When Land Applied. Federal Register  Vol. 59 No. 38 Amendment of Pollutant Limits for Molybdenum When Land Applied. 1994 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Final Rule on Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (40 CFR Parts 403 and 503) Federal Register  Vol. 64 No. 149 Final Rule on Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (40 CFR Parts 403 and 503). 1999 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge - Federal Register Vol. 66 No. 246 Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge; Notice. EPA is giving final notice of its determination that numeric standards or management practices are not warranted for dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge that is disposed of at a surface disposal site or incinerated in a sewage sludge incinerator. 2001 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Federal Water Pollution Control Act The Clean Water Act (CWA) establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. The basis of the CWA was enacted in 1948 and was called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but the Act was significantly reorganized and expanded in 1972. "Clean Water Act" became the Act's common name with amendments in 1972. 2002 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge: Decision Not To Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge - Federal Register Vol. 68 No. 206 Sewage Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge:  Decision Not To Regulate Dioxins in  Land-Applied Sewage Sludge; Notice. 2003 FR
Program Review Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge; Final Agency Response to the National Research Council Report on Biosolids Applied to Land and the Results of EPA’s Review of Existing Sewage Sludge Regulations - Federal Register Vol. 68 No. 250 (P. 75531) Federal Response to NAS Report (P. 75531). 2003 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Final Rule: Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants; Analytical Methods for Biological Pollutants in Wastewater and Sewage Sludge. 72 Federal Register 14219 Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants; Analytical Methods for Biological Pollutants in Wastewater and Sewage Sludge: Final Rule. 2007 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Proposed Rule: Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Sewage Sludge Incineration Units 75 Federal Register 63259 Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Sewage Sludge Incineration Units. 2010 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards Final Rule: Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Sewage Sludge Incineration Units. 76 FR 15371 Final Rule: Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Sewage Sludge Incineration Units. 2011 FR
Federal Regulations and Standards: Fact Sheet Final Decision Not to Regulate Dioxin and Dioxin-like Compounds in Sewage Sludge which Is Placed in a Surface Disposal Unit or Fired in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator Fact Sheet for Dioxin Disposal Decision in Surface Disposal Unit or Sewage Sludge Incinerator. 2001 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards: Fact Sheet Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge Fact Sheet Summarizing Final Action Not to Regulate Dioxins in Land-Applied Sewage Sludge. 2003 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards: Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Final Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources:  Sewage Sludge Incinerators Summary of EPA new source performance standards (NSPS) and emission guidelines (EG) for new and existing sewage sludge incineration (SSI) units. The rule will reduce emissions of air toxics and several of the common pollutants called criteria pollutants. 2011 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards: Technical Support Peer Review Standards for the Disposal of Sewage Sludge Proposed Rule 40 CFR Parts 257 and 503  In 1989 the Cooperative State Research Service Technical Committee W-170, with the assistance of experts from EPA, academia, environmental groups, and units of state and local government agencies, organized a Peer Review Committee which conducted a review of EPA 40 CFR Parts 257 and 503 Standards for the Disposal of Sewage Sludge Proposed Rule. 1989 USDA/CSRS
Federal Regulations and Standards: Technical Support Statistical Support Documentation for the 40 CFR Part 503; Final Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge Volume I This document provides the technical background that supports the production of the final NSSS estimates to be reported in the final regulation.  1992 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards: Technical Support Statistical Support Documentation for the 40 CFR Part 503; Final Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge  Volume II Statistical methods and estimates that supported the development of the Final Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (40 CFR Part 503) are presented in this document. Estimates include the number of Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) in the Nation in 1988 practicing at least secondary treatment of wastewater and the estimated concentrations of pollutants of concern in the sewage sludge used or disposed in 1988 by these POTWs. 1992 EPA
Program Review Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production Exit This study reviews (1) the historical development, rationale, and scope of the practice of treating municipal wastewater and sludge in the United States; (2) wastewater treatment technologies and procedures for agricultural use of these materials; (3) effects on soils, crop production, and ground water; (4) public health concerns about microbiological agents and toxic chemicals; (5) existing regulations and guidelines; and (6) economic, liability, and institutional issues. 1996 NAS/NRC
Federal Regulations and Standards: Technical Support Statistical Support Document for the Development of Round 2 Biosolids Use or Disposal Regulations The following document summarized and or helped support the development of final EPA actions on sewage sludge that is incinerated, placed in sludge landfills or containment ponds, or that is land applied regarding dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. 2002 EPA
Federal Regulations and Standards: Technical Support Problem Formulation for Human Health Risk Assessments of Pathogens in Land-Applied Biosolids This document provides concepts and planning considerations for conducting human health risk assessments on potential pathogens in land-applied biosolids. 2011 EPA
Program Review Biosolids Applied to Land, Advancing Standards and Practices Exit This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection.  2002 NAS/NRC
Federal Regulations: Technical Support Technical Background Document for the Sewage Sludge Exposure and Hazard Screening Assessment Technical Background Document for the Sewage Sludge Exposure and Hazard Screening Assessment. 2003 EPA
Implementation Guidance Institutional Constraints and Public Acceptance Barriers to Utilization of Municipal Wastewater and Sludge for Land Reclamation and Biomass Production This study involved an analysis of the institutional constraints and public acceptance barriers to the development of full scale projects utilizing sewage sludge in land reclamation and biomass production.  The findings of this research are often applicable to a broader range of wastewater and sewage sludge land application projects. 1981 EPA/USDA
Implementation Guidance Land Application Requirements for Class A Exceptional Quality Treated Sewage Sludge EPA’s interpretation of 40 CFR §§ 503.10(e), (f), and (g), regarding whether certain land application requirements apply to entities, including a treatment works or a soil blender, that derive material from Class A EQ sewage sludge. 2020 EPA
Implementation Guidance Technical Support Document for Land Application of Sewage Sludge Vol. I Establish general requirements, management practices, operational standards, frequency of monitoring, recordkeeping requirements, and reporting requirement practices essential to protect human health and the environment.  1992 EPA
Implementation Guidance Technical Support Document for Land Application of Sewage Sludge Vol. II Support information regarding the land application of sewage sludge. 1992 EPA
Implementation Guidance Technical Support Document for Reduction of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge Support information regarding the reduction of pathogens and vector attraction in sewage sludge. 1992 EPA
Implementation Guidance Technical Support Document for Sewage Sludge Incineration Support information regarding  Sewage Sludge Incineration. 1992 EPA
Implementation Guidance Environmental Regulations and Technology: Control of Pathogens and Vector Attraction in Sewage Sludge This document provides basic information about why pathogen control and vector attraction reduction in biosolids are essential for the protection of public health and the environment.  2003 EPA
Implementation Guidance  Domestic Septage Regulatory Guidance A guide to the federal EPA rule for land application of domestic septage to non-public contact sites. 1993 EPA
Implementation Guidance  Preparing Sewage Sludge For Land Application or Surface Disposal; A Guide for Preparers of Sewage Sludge on the Monitoring, Record Keeping, and Reporting Requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503 This document focuses on the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements that apply to persons who prepare sewage sludge or a material derived from sewage sludge.  The introduction is followed by three sections that detail the monitoring, record keeping, and notification and reporting requirements, respectively. 1993 EPA
Implementation Guidance  A Plain English Guide to the EPA Part 503 Biosolids Rule This guidance document is not a substitute for the actual rule, but it is intended as a helpful tool. 1994 EPA
Implementation Guidance  Land Application of Sewage Sludge A Guide for Land Appliers on the Requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503. 1994 EPA
Implementation Guidance  Surface Disposal of Sewage Sludge; A Guide for Owners/Operators of Surface Disposal Facilities on the Monitoring, Recordkeeping, and Reporting Requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge, 40 CFR Part 503 A guide for owners/operators of surface disposal facilities on the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements of the federal standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge, 40 CFR Part 503. 1994 EPA
Implementation Guidance  THC Continuous Emission Monitoring Guidance for Part 503 Sewage Sludge Incinerators EPA's guidance document for monitoring  of total hydrocarbons (THCs) at sewage sludge incinerators. This document was finalized in response to comments received from Federal, State and local government agencies. 1994 EPA
Implementation Guidance  A Guide to the Biosolids Risk Assessments for the EPA Part 503 Rule This guide has been prepared to provide an understanding of the risk assessment process that was conducted as a basis for the Part 503 biosolids rule. The document takes the reader through the multiple-step risk assessment process. 1995 EPA
Implementation Guidance  Part 503 Implementation Guidance This document is a guidance manual intended to provide information that may be needed to properly implement Part 503. This document does not address the Part 503 requirements for the use or disposal of domestic septage. 1995 EPA
Management Practices Anaerobic Digestion and its Applications This paper provides a brief overview of the science of anaerobic digestion (AD). It describes how increased implementation of AD systems supports current EPA priorities and summarizes current applications of AD systems to achieve various environmental goals. Information is presented on the connection between AD systems and EPA’s strategic goals and cross-agency strategies. 2015 EPA
Management Practices  Land Application of Muncipal Sewage Sludge for the Production of Fruits and Vegetables; A Statement of Federal Policy and Guidance Provides guidance by U.S. EPA, FDA, and USDA to help minimize any risks and achieve the goals of optimal utilization of sludge nutrients and production of high quality fruit and vegetable crops. 1981 EPA, FDA, USDA
Management Practices  Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal  The purpose of this guide is to present practical information on the handling, treatment, and disposal of septage in a concise, recommendations-oriented format for easy use by administrators of waste management programs, septage haulers, and managers or operators of septage handling facilities. 1994 EPA
Management Practices  Biosolids Management Handbook Handbook for Biosolids Management.   EPA
Management Practices  Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States This report focuses on biosolids generated by publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and the subsequent management practices used by POTWs for treating and then recycling or disposing of biosolids. This report also examines the advantages to MSW operators of using biosolids in composting operations for land application and sale to the public. 1999 EPA
Management Practices  Guide to Field Storage of  Biosolids Guide To Field Storage of Biosolids and Other Organic By-Products Used in Agriculture and for Soil Resource Management. 2000 EPA
Management Practices  Compost Use in Forest Land Restoration This handbook is primarily intended for use in restoration of lands disturbed by forest management activities in the Pacific Northwest. The goal is to share information and to provide examples of successful restoration projects using compost. Examples of organic materials typically used to produce compost include yardwaste, manure, and biosolids. 2005 EPA
Management Practices  The Use of Soil Amendments for Remediation, Revitalization, and Reuse This paper is a result of EPA's Soil Amendments for Ecological Revitalization Workshop  to assess known problems and potential solutions related to the use of soil amendments in revitalizing ecosystems on contaminated lands. This soil remediation technology can be applied to Superfund and brownfields sites, large and small mining sites, and other sites with disturbed or degraded soils. 2006 EPA
Management Practices: Research  Removal and Recovery of Metals and Phosphates from Municipal Sewage Sludge This report presents the results of a study that looked at the technical and economical feasibility of removing and then recovering the heavy metals and phosphates present in phosphorus-laden chemical sludge. 1980 EPA
Manual POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document This manual was developed to provide  guidance to POTW operators, engineers, managers, chemists and permit writers. It was intended to provide guidance in developing and implementing a sampling and analysis program, to gather information on sludge quality and determine compliance with permit conditions.  1989 EPA
Manual  Process Design Manual: Land Application of Sewage Sludge and Domestic Septage The manual is intended to provide general guidance and basic information on the planning, design, and operation of  sewage  sludge  land  application  projects.  1995 EPA
Manual: Technology Assessment  Process Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal The purpose of this manual is to provide the engineering community and related industry with a new source of information to be used in the planning, design, and operation of present and future wastewater pollution control facilities. This manual supplements this existing knowledge by describing new treatment methods and by discussing the application of new techniques for more effectively removing a broad spectrum of contaminants from wastewater. 1979 EPA
Manual: Technology Assessment  Innovative and Alternative Technology Assessment Manual The manual contains a user's guide, an innovative and alternative technology screening methodology, cost and energy effectiveness analysis criteria and procedures as well as a set of comprehensive fact sheets for commonly employed and emerging municipal technology processes, systems and subsystems. 1980 EPA
Method Method 1600: Enterococci in Water by Membrane Filtration Using membrane-Enterococcus Indoxyl-β-D-Glucoside Agar (mEI) Method 1600 describes a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of the enterococci bacteria in water. This is a single-step method that is a modification of EPA Method 1106.1 (mE-EIA).  2014 EPA
Method Method 1603: Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Water by Membrane Filtration Using Modified membrane-Thermotolerant Escherichia coli Agar (Modified mTEC) Method 1603 describes a membrane filter (MF) procedure for the detection and enumeration of Escherichia coli bacteria in ambient waters and disinfected wastewaters. This method is a single-step modification of EPA Method 1103.1 (mTEC). 2014 EPA
Method Method 1680: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by MultipleTube Fermentation using Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) and EC Medium This method describes multiple-tube fermentation procedures [also called the most probable number (MPN) procedure] for the detection and enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria in biosolids.  2010 EPA
Method Method 1681: Fecal Coliforms in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by MultipleTube Fermentation using A-1 medium  This method describes multiple-tube fermentation procedures [also called the most probable number (MPN) procedure] for the detection and enumeration of fecal coliform bacteria in biosolids. These methods use culture-specific media and elevated temperature to isolate and enumerate fecal coliform organisms. 2006 EPA
Method Method 1682: Salmonella in Sewage Sludge (Biosolids) by Modified Semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) Medium Method 1682 is a performance-based method for detecting Salmonella in biosolids. Method 1682 requires calculation of the MPN via enrichment, with selection and biochemical confirmation for determination of Salmonella.  2006 EPA
Method Method 1683 Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate in Biosolids This method is applicable to the determination of the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) (Section 18.14) in biosolids (Section 18.2) treated in an aerobic process. Microorganisms in sewage sludge use oxygen as they consume organic matter. The level of microbial activity in sludge is indicated by the microorganisms’ oxygen uptake rate. High oxygen uptake rates indicate high microbial activity and high organic matter content; low oxygen uptake rates indicate low microbial activity and low organic matter content.  2001 EPA
Policy  EPA's Policy Promoting the Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge and the New Proposed Technical Sludge Regulations This document helps clarify the purpose of the new proposed sewage sludge standards and reaffirms the Agency's policy of encouraging beneficial use of sewage sludge. This publication also describes current Gederal and State requirements that will govern sludge use and disposal practices until the new technical sludge regulations are promulgated in final form. 1989 EPA
Research Summary Summary: Study Examines the Fate of Multiple Contaminants when Biosolids are Applied to Agricultural Land Summary of the research study conducted to evaluate air and soil sampling methods and analytical techniques for commercial land application of biosolids.  2012 EPA
Research: Methods Multimedia Sampling During the Application of Biosolids on a Land Test Site The goal of this research study was to evaluate air and soil sampling methods and analytical techniques for commercial land application of biosolids.  2012 EPA
Review: Biosolids Benefcial Use Biosolids Recycling:  Beneficial Technology for a Better Environment This booklet discusses and reaffirms U.S. EPA’s policy that encourages the beneficial use of biosolids.  It briefly discusses important aspects of the new regulation (40 CFR Part 503) that governs the final use or disposal of biosolids.  It concludes with a discussion of the scientific basis of the rule and names of people and references to contact for additional information regarding the rule and risk assessment. 1994 EPA
Review: Health Effects Health Effects of Land Application of Municipal Sludge Examines the potential health effects arising from the land application of municipal sewage sludge.  Addresses pathogens (including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths) and toxic substances (including organics, trace elements, and nitrates).   1985 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey 1988 National Sewage Sludge Survey EPA conducted the National Sewage Sludge Survey (NSSS) in 1988 to obtain a database on biosolids quality and management that could be used to help develop the Part 503 rule.  1992 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey The AMSA 2000/2001 Survey of Dioxin-like Compounds in Biosolids: Statistical Analysis A survey to determine current levels of dioxin-like compounds (i.e., polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like coplanar PCBs) in biosolids (sewage sludge). These data were collected, first, to assist U.S. EPA in developing an environmentally sound and technically correct dioxin limit for land-applied biosolids, and second, to determine whether dioxin concentrations in biosolids have decreased since the 1994/1995 AMSA survey. 2001 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey 2001 National Sewage Sludge Survey Report  The objective of the survey was to obtain unbiased national estimates of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge to enable EPA to perform a multipathway exposure assessment and risk assessment of the disposal of sewage sludge through land application.  2007 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey Occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Wastewater from Nine Publicly Owned Treatment Works  The primary objective of EPA’s Nine POTW Study (the Study) was to investigate the occurrence of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) in untreated and fully treated wastewater at publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Sampling and Analysis Technical Report  The TNSSS was designed to: 1) obtain updated occurrence information on nine analytes of potential concern, and 2) obtain occurrence information on a number of contaminants of emerging interest identified by EPA and the National Research Council (NRC). The objective of the survey was to obtain national estimates of the concentrations of these pollutants in sewage sludge for use in assessing if exposures may be occurring and whether those levels may be of concern.  2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey Statistical Analysis Report This document provides technical background, statistical methods, and resulting estimates of pollutant concentrations in treated sewage sludge (“biosolids”) that represent Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) in the contiguous United States with flow rates of at least 1 million gallons per day (MGD).  2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix A  List of Facilities in the TNSSS and Sample Measurements by Analyte. 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix B Data Review and Preparation for Statistical Analysis. 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix C Statistical Methodology. 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix D  Estimates of Mean, Standard Deviation, and Selected Percentiles as Calculated under both Statistical Approaches. 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix E Statistical Design for the Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey . 2006 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey TNSSS Statistical Analysis Report Appendix F  Estimates from the 1988 National Sewage Sludge Survey (NSSS). 2009 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey Report on the Elemental Analyses of Samples from the Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey This report describes the sampling and analysis activities performed in a follow-up to EPA Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey (TNSSS) and presents summary level data from the elemental analyses of sewage sludge samples.  2015 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey  Sampling Procedures and Protocols for the National Sewage Sludge Survey This document present the sampling procedures and protocols for the NSSS. 1988 EPA
Sewage Sludge Survey  National Sewage Sludge Survey: Availability of Information and Data, and Anticipated Impacts on Proposed Regulations, Federal Register Vol. 55 No. 218 National Sewage Sludge Survey: Availability of Information and Data, and Anticipated Impacts on Proposed Regulations. 1990 FR
Technology  Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management U.S. EPA is providing this document to make information available on recent advances and emerging techniques. The goal of this document is to provide a guide for persons seeking information on innovative and embryonic biosolids treatment technologies.  2006 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Alkaline Stabilization of Biosolids The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for alkaline stabilization in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Belt Filter Press The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for belt filter press in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Gravity Thickening The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for gravity thickening in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2003 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Centrifuge Thickening and Dewatering The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for centrifuge thickening and dewatering in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Heat Drying The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for heat drying in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2006 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Use of Incineration for Biosolids Management The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for incineration in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2002 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: In-Vessel Composting of Biosolids The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for in-vessel composting of biosolids provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Land Application of Biosolids The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for land application of biosolids provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Multi-Stage Anaerobic Digestion  The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for multi-stage anaerobic digestion in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2006 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Odor Control in Biosolids Management The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for odor control in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Recessed-Plate Filter Press The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for recessed-plate filter press in biosolids management provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2000 EPA
Technology Fact Sheet Fact Sheet: Use of Landfilling for Biosolids Management The biosolids and residuals management fact sheet for landfilling of biosolids provides a description of the technology, applicability to wastewater treatment plants, performance capabilities and data, costs and more information. 2003 EPA
Implementation Guidance A History of Land Application as a Treatment Alternative This review was conducted to attempt to determine whether the history of land treatment could assist in explaining the reasons behind the apparent reluctance to use this wastewater treatment option, and to provide a basis for judging its future prospects. 1979 EPA

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