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Ports Primer: A4. Endnotes and Image Sources

Link to Home Page of Ports Primer for Communities   Link to Section 2, The Role of Ports   Link to Section 3, How Ports Work   Link to Section 4, Port-Community Relations   Link to Section 5.0, Land Use and Transportation   Link to Section 6, Local and Regional Economy   Link to Section 7, Environmental Impacts   Link to Section 8, Tools and Resources   Link to Section 9, Appendix   Link to Glossary for Ports Primer   Link to Endnotes for Ports Primer
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2.1 The Role of Ports

Endnotes

  1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 8. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/landing.aspx?ItemNumber=21148&navItemNumber=20775.
  3. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. pp. 43-44. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  4. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048.
  5. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Port Industry. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048.
  6. American Association of Port Authorities. 2014. National Economic Impact of the U.S. Coastal Port System: Executive Summary. Retrieved from: http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/PDFs/Martin%20study%20executive%20summary%20final.pdf (4 pp, 496 K)
  7. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/landing.aspx?ItemNumber=21148&navItemNumber=20775.
  8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. pp. 43-45. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  9. Adapted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 44-45. Retrived from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).

Image Sources

  • U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. pp. 45. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  • ©iStock.com/michaeljung – Not For Reuse
  • ©iStock.com/TERADAT SANTIVIVUT – Not For Reuse
  • ©iStock.com/kozmoat98 – Not For Reuse

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2.2 Current Port Industry Challenges

Endnotes

  1. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 8. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 11. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  3. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America’s Container Ports. p. 11. Retrieved from: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5812(44 pp, 1.2 M).

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3.1 Port Operations

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/landing.aspx?ItemNumber=21148&navItemNumber=20775.
  2. American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. U.S. Public Port Facts. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/landing.aspx?ItemNumber=21148&navItemNumber=20775.
  3. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21500.
  4. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).
  5. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21500.
  6. Definitions adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21500.

Image Sources

  • ©iStock.com/bugphai – Not For Reuse

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3.2 Port Governance

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).
  2. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).
  3. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).

  4. Community Action Roadmap: Empowering Near-port Communities. 2016. Retrieved from: www.epa.gov/community-port-collaboration-and-capacity-building/community-action-roadmap-empowering-near-port

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3.3 Federal and International Governance

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).
  2. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 35. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  3. Sherman, Rexford B. Seaport Governance in the United States and Canada. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/files/PDFs/governance_uscan.pdf (12 pp, 69 K).
  4. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 35. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  5. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 36. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  6. Quoted from: U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 35. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).

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4.1 Port Impacts to Local Communities

Endnotes

  1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/.

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4.2 Case Studies: Port-Community Relations

Endnotes

  1. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. About the Baltimore Port Alliance. Retrieved from: www.baltimoreportalliance.org/.
  2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Port Stakeholders Summit: Advancing More Sustainable Ports. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2014-07/documents/ports-stakeholder-summit-summary-040814.pdf.

  3. Baltimore Port Alliance. 2013. Education and Outreach – Serving Communities, Serving Ports. Retrieved from: www.baltimoreportalliance.org.

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5.1 Goods Movement and Transportation Planning

Endnotes

  1. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
  2. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board]. Retrieved from: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight_planning/talking_freight/talkingfreight08_17_11sr.pdf. 
  3. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
  4. National Cooperative Freight Research Program. 2012. Guidebook for Understanding Urban Goods Movement. p. 1. Retrieved from: www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/166828.aspx.
  5. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board]. Retrieved from: www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight_planning/talking_freight/talkingfreight08_17_11sr.pdf (78 pp, 6.9 M).
  6. Adapted from and images from: Rhodes, Suzann. 2011. Talking Freight. [Presentation prepared for the Transportation Research Board]. Retrieved from: www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/freight_planning/talking_freight/talkingfreight08_17_11sr.pdf (78 pp, 6.9 M).
  7. Adapted from: U.S. DOT. The Transportation Planning Process Key Issues: A Briefing Book for Transportation Decisionmakers, Officials and Staff. Retrieved from:http://www.planning.dot.gov/documents/briefingbook/bbook.htm#1BB.
  8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 22. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).

Image Sources

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5.2 Land Use

Endnotes

  1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. pp. 14-15. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.
  2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. pp. 63-64. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.

Image Sources

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5.3 Potential Community Interests

Endnotes

  1. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. p. 15. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.
  2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. p. 15. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.
  3. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. p. 16. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.
  4. Adapted from Natural Resources Defense Council. Clean Cargo: A Guide to Reducing Diesel Air Pollution from the Freight Industry in Your Community. p. 3-5. Retrieved from: assets.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/clean-cargo-toolkit.pdf(64 pp, 6 M).
  5. National Environmental Justice Advisory Council. 2009. Reducing Air Emissions Associated With Goods Movement: Working Towards Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-02/documents/2009-goods-movement.pdf.
  6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. EPA’s Response to the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council Report: Reducing Air Emissions Associated with Goods Movement: Working Toward Environmental Justice. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/sites/static/files/2015-02/documents/epa-resp-nejac-goods-movement-2009.pdf.

Image Sources

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5.4 Case Studies: Land Use and Transportation

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from North Channel Star. July 23, 2014. Galena Park: Air Quality Report Cites Health Dangers. Retrieved from: https://www.northchannelstar.com/2014/07/galena-park-air-quality-report-cites-health-dangers/.
  2. Adapted from: Switzer Network News. 2013. Ditching Dirty Diesel with Switzer Fellow Catalina Garzon. Retrieved from: www.ditchingdirtydiesel.org/about/meet-the-collaborative.
  3. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. p. 63. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.

Image Source

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6.1 Local Economy and Jobs

Endnotes

  1. Definitions quoted and adapted from: American Association of Port Authorities. 2013. Glossary of Maritime Terms. Retrieved from: www.aapa-ports.org/advocating/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21500.
  2. Smith, Rebecca, Paul Alexander Marvy, and Jon Zerolnick. 2014. The Big Rig Overhaul: Restoring Middle-Class Jobs at America’s Ports through Labor Law Enforcement. Retrieved from:  https://www.nelp.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Big-Rig-Overhaul-Misclassification-Port-Truck-Drivers-Labor-Law-Enforcement.pdf (49 pp, 2.7 M).
  3. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. p. 9. Retrieved from:  http://www.colliers.com/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers_PortReport_2012q2_final?campaign=Colliers_Port_Analysis_NA_Aug-2012 (PDF) (13 pp, 3.8 M).

Image Sources

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6.2 Port Factors Impacting the Regional Economy

Endnotes

  1. BBC News. August 6, 2015. “Egypt Launches Suez Canal Expansion.” BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33800076.
  2. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2018. Port Performance Freight Statistics Program Annual Report to Congress. pp. 15. Retrieved from: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/39609.
  3. American Association of Port Authorities. 2017. Port Industry Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048.
  4. American Association of Port Authorities. 2017. Port Industry Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048.
  5. American Association of Port Authorities. 2017. Port Industry Statistics. Retrieved from: https://www.aapa-ports.org/unifying/content.aspx?ItemNumber=21048.
  6. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2009. America’s Container Ports. p. 1. Retrieved from: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/5812(44 pp, 1.2 M).
  7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2012. U.S. Port and Inland Waterways Modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels. p. XIII. Retrieved from: www.iwr.usace.army.mil/Portals/70/docs/portswaterways/rpt/June_20_U.S._Port_and_Inland_Waterways_Preparing_for_Post_Panamax_Vessels.pdf (128 pp, 7.2 M).
  8. U.S. Maritime Administration. 2009. America’s Ports and Intermodal Transportation System. p. 8. Retrieved from: www.glmri.org/downloads/Ports&IntermodalTransport.pdf (112 pp, 6.9 M).
  9. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.com/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers_PortReport_2012q2_final?campaign=Colliers_Port_Analysis_NA_Aug-2012 (PDF) (13 pp, 3.8 M).
  10. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. p. 3. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.com/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers_PortReport_2012q2_final?campaign=Colliers_Port_Analysis_NA_Aug-2012 (PDF) (13 pp, 3.8 M).
  11. Colliers International. 2012. North American Port Analysis. p. 2. Retrieved from: http://www.colliers.com/-/media/Files/MarketResearch/UnitedStates/2012-NA-Highlights-Reports/2012%20Q2/Colliers_PortReport_2012q2_final?campaign=Colliers_Port_Analysis_NA_Aug-2012 (PDF) (13 pp, 3.8 M).

Image Sources

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6.4 Case Studies: Job and Benefits

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: Port of Oakland. 2015. The Social Responsibility Division (SRD). Retrieved from: https://www.portofoakland.com/port/social-responsibility/.
  2. Quote comes from: Sandifur, Marilyn. 2011. Community Investments Stimulate Cycle of Benefits. Retrieved from: https://www.aapaseaports.com/.
  3. Adapted from: Port of Los Angeles. 2017. Port of Los Angeles Project Labor Agreement. Retrieved from: https://kentico.portoflosangeles.org/getmedia/9bab7fcf-2c7a-4cfa-aee0-7aef1ae36c6b/PLA-2017-2027 (PDF) (63 pp, 8.6 M).

Image Source

  • ©iStock.com/Jason Doiy – Not For Reuse

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7.1 Environmental Impacts

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Ground-Truth: Methods to Advance Environmental Justice and Researcher–Community Partnerships, Vol. 41(3) 281–290. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/home/him.
  2. Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. pp. 1-10. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.
  3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Near Roadway Air Pollution and Health: Frequently Asked Questions, EPA-420-F-14-044. Retrieved from: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100NFFD.PDF?Dockey=P100NFFD.PDF (9 pp, 503 K).
  4. Second paragraph adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. Risk Assessment. Retrieved from: https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/risk/about-risk-assessment.

Image Sources

  • ©iStock.com/Prasit Rodphan – Not For Reuse
  • ©iStock.com/princessdlaf – Not For Reuse

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7.2 Air Emissions

Endnotes

  1. International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs. pp. 3-4. Retrieved from: www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_SCG_Developing-Clean-Air-Programs_June2012.pdf (70 pp, 1.1 M).
  2. International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs. p. 4. Retrieved from: www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_SCG_Developing-Clean-Air-Programs_June2012.pdf (70 pp, 1.1 M).
  3. Summarized from: International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs. pp. 7-13. Retrieved from: www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_SCG_Developing-Clean-Air-Programs_June2012.pdf (70 pp, 1.1 M).
  4. International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs. pp. 39-55. Retrieved from: www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_SCG_Developing-Clean-Air-Programs_June2012.pdf (70 pp, 1.1 M).
  5. International Council on Clean Transportation (prepared by Starcrest Consulting Group LLC). 2012. Developing Port Clean Air Programs. p. 2. Retrieved from: www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/ICCT_SCG_Developing-Clean-Air-Programs_June2012.pdf (70 pp, 1.1 M).
  6. Adapted/quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2014. About SmartWay. Retrieved from: www.epa.gov/smartway/learn-about-smartway.
  7. Adapted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Designation of North American Emission Control Area to Reduce Emissions from Ships. Retrieved from: www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-and-engines/designation-north-american-emission-control-area-marine.

Image Sources

  • ©iStock.com/PhillipMinnis – Not For Reuse
  • ©iStock.com/yenwen – Not For Reuse

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7.3 Federal Environmental Regulations and Programs

Endnotes

  1. List quoted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. Defend Your Air: Guide for Reducing Freight Transportation Air Pollution Under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). pp. 8-9. Retrieved from:  www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/nepa-toolkit.pdf (68 pp, 5.5 M).
  2. Portcompliance.org. Environmental Compliance for Port Tenants and Authorities: About. Retrieved from: www.portcompliance.org/about.cfm.

7.5 Potential Community Interests

Endnotes

  1. Definition provided by the Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/nuisance.
  2. Neighborhood Assessment Teams - Case studies from Southern California and instructions on community investigations of traffic-related air pollution. 2013. Retrieved from: https://www.oxy.edu/sites/default/files/assets/UEP/Speakers/Neighborhood%20Assessment%20Teams%20-%20Case%20Studies%20from%20Southern%20California%20on%20traffic%20related%20air%20pollution.pdf  (38 pp, 1.8 M).

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7.6 Case Studies: Environment

Endnotes

  1. Adapted from: Natural Resources Defense Council. 2004. Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean Up U.S. Ports. p. 25. Retrieved from: www.nrdc.org/resources/harboring-pollution-strategies-clean-us-ports.

Additional References

  1. Corbett et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007. Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Retrieved from: http://earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/black-carbon/corbett-2007.pdf (7 pp, 1.9 M).
  2. Hricko A. Environ Health Perspect. 2006. Guest Editorial: Ships, Trucks, and Trains: Effects of Goods Movement on Environmental Health. Vol. 114(4) A204-A205. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440794/.
  3. Hricko A. Environ Health Perspect. 2008. Global Trade Comes Home: Community Impacts of Goods Movement. Vol. 116(2) A78-A81. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2235209/.
  4. Hricko A. Environ Health Perspect. 2012. Progress and Pollution: Port Cities Prepare for the Panama Canal Expansion. Vol. 120(12) A470-A473. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548291/.
  5. Matsuoka et al. 2011. Global Trade Impacts: Addressing the Health, Social and Environmental Consequences of Moving International Freight through Our Communities. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254633741_Global_Trade_Impacts_Addressing_the_Health_Social_and_Environmental_Consequences_of_Moving_International_Freight_through_Our_Communities.
  6. Vaishnav et al. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2016. Shore Power for Vessels Calling at U.S. Ports: Benefits and Costs. Vol. 50(3) 1102-1110. Retrieved from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b04860.

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8.2 Citizen Science Projects

Endnotes

  1. PolicyLink. 2012. Community-Based Participatory Research: A Strategy for Building Healthy Communities and Promoting Health through Policy Change. Retrieved from: www.policylink.org/sites/default/files/CBPR.pdf.
  2. Adapted and quoted from: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. U.S. EPA’s Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists. www.epa.gov/air-sensor-toolbox.

Image Source

  • ©iStock.com/wdstock – Not For Reuse

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